ETHIC IN MASS COMMUNICATION: BALANCING FREE SPEECH AND RESPONSIBILITY AMONG YOUTH IN KWARA STATE
	
BY
SEMIU IDAYAT MOPELOLA
ND/23/MAC/PT/0926

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [I.I.C.T.]
KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN.                                                                             

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWRAD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN MASS COMMUNICATION

AUGUST, 2025       
DECLARATION
  I hereby declare that this research project tittle ‘influence of  sexual dance musical videos on the sexual orientation of undergraduates  kwara state polytechnic, ilorin.is my own work and has not been submitted by any other person for any degree or qualification at any higher institution. i also declare that the information provided therein are mine and those that are not mine are properly acknowledge.

          

_____________________                                                    _____________________   Semiu Idayat Mopelola                                                              Signature and Date

                          

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project was carried out with the supervision and approve of the award of National Diploma in Mass Communication, Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin 

..........................................................                                                  ..........................
MR OLUFADI BALARABE AYUBA				        DATE
(Project Supervisor)

..................................................                                                          ..........................
MRS. OPALEKE ABIMBOLA                                                              DATE  	                
    (Project co-ordinator)
	
......................................	                                                            …………………                                                                      
MR. OLOHUNGBEBE						        DATE
(Head of Department)

                                                                                          							              
DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to Almighty God.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

	I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my project supervisor MR. Olufadi Balarabe Ayuba, for his immense support and encouragement throughout this project also my thanks goes to the project coordinator for organizing this project and creating a helpful environment. 
"I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my family, particularly my parents, [Mr and Mrs Semiu], for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this project. Your love, guidance, and sacrifices have been my driving force.
To my friends, thank you for your help, advice, and camaraderie. Your contributions have been invaluable.
Additionally, I appreciate the support provided by Kwara State Polytechnics,Ilorin, which enabled me to access necessary resources and facilities.
Thank you all for being part of this journey!"

TABLE OF CONTENT

Table of Contents
DECLARATION
i hereby declare that this research project tittle ‘influence of  sexual dance musical videos on the sexual orientation of undergraduates  kwara state polytechnic, ilorin.is my own work and has not been submitted by any other person for any degree or qualification at any higher institution. i also declare that the information provided therein are mine and those that are not mine are properly acknowledge.
CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1:  Core Ethical Principles in Mass Communication
2.1.2: Ethical Dilemmas in Mass Communication
2.1.3: Emerging Ethical Challenges in the Digital Age
2.1.4: Youth and Media Usage in Nigeria
2.2 Theoretical Foundations of Media Ethics
2.2.1: Regulatory and Professional Guidelines
2.2.2: Related Case Studies
2.2.3 Media Landscape in Nigeria
2.2.4: Patterns of Media Usage among Youths
2.2.5: Youths and Media Usage in Kwara State
2.2.6: Ethical Challenges in Youth Media Usage
2.2.7: Positive Impacts of Media Usage
2.2.8: Need for Ethical Education and Regulation
2.3 Review of Related Studies
2.3.1: Ethical Challenges in Media Practice in Kwara State
a. Spread of Misinformation and Fake News
b. Commercialization of News
c. Political Influence and Censorship
d. Lack of Professional Training
e. Breach of Privacy and Sensationalism
f. Gender Bias and Stereotyping
g. Cyberbullying and Hate Speech
h. Plagiarism and Intellectual Theft
2.3.2: Media Regulation and Legal Framework in Nigeria
2.3.3: Media Landscape in Nigeria
2.3.4: Patterns of Media Usage among Youths
2.3.5: Youths and Media Usage in Kwara State
2.3.6: Ethical Challenges in Youth Media Usage
2.3.7: Positive Impacts of Media Usage
2.3.8: Need for Ethical Education and Regulation
2.4 Empirical Review
2.4.1: Brown Envelope Syndrome and Media Integrity
2.4.2: Youth and Social Media Ethics
2.4.3: Fake News and Trust in Media
2.4.4: Media Ownership and Editorial Control
2.4.5: Ethics and Community Radio Practice
2.4.6: Gender Representation in Nigerian Media
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.4 Research Instrument
3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Ethical Considerations
3.9 Limitation of the Methodology
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Response Rate
4.2 Demographic Data of Respondents
4.3 Responses to Research Questions
4.4 Summary of Findings
4.5 Discussion of Findings in Comparison with Existing Research
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of the Study
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

ABSTRACT
This study examined the ethical challenges associated with mass communication, with a particular focus on how youths in Kwara State navigate the balance between freedom of speech and responsible media usage. The research was motivated by the increasing spread of misinformation, hate speech, and unethical practices among young people who actively engage with both traditional and digital media platforms. The study adopted a descriptive survey design, with a sample of 100 respondents drawn from youths aged 18–35 years within Ilorin metropolis. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data, out of which 80 were duly completed and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and mean scores.Findings revealed that while the majority of youths demonstrated awareness of media ethics and acknowledged the importance of responsible communication, many still engaged in unethical practices such as spreading fake news, cyberbullying, and misuse of free speech due to peer influence and lack of media literacy. The study also confirmed that free speech is highly valued among youths but often misconstrued as an absolute right without ethical boundaries.The study concludes that there is a pressing need for ethical reorientation among youths to mitigate the negative consequences of irresponsible media usage. It recommends the incorporation of media ethics into school curricula, regular media literacy campaigns, strengthened regulatory frameworks, and youth-led advocacy for responsible communication. These measures are expected to promote media accountability, safeguard democratic values, and encourage constructive participation of youths in public discourse.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

              Mass communication serves as a vital tool for information dissemination, education, entertainment, and socialization. With the emergence of new media platforms such as social media, blogs, and online journalism, youth in Kwara State have become both consumers and producers of media content. This shift has amplified the role of free speech an essential human right protected by Nigeria’s Constitution (Section 39, CFRN 1999)—as young people freely express opinions on political, cultural, and social issues.

            However, this increasing access to communication channels has raised ethical concerns. Many youths misuse platforms by promoting fake news, hate speech, defamation, and cyberbullying, often without understanding the consequences. Ethical communication, rooted in principles such as truth, fairness, objectivity, and accountability, is essential in preserving democracy and social cohesion (Christians et al., 2015).

             In a developing state like Kwara, where digital literacy varies and media regulation is often weak, balancing free expression and ethical responsibility is both necessary and complex. The challenge lies in equipping youth with knowledge about media ethics to ensure responsible speech that respects others’ rights and upholds social order.

             In the contemporary world, the media has emerged as a powerful institution that influences public opinion, shapes cultural norms, and reinforces democratic governance. In Nigeria, the media plays a central role in informing, educating, and entertaining the populace, while also serving as a watchdog of societal ethics and political accountability. However, the integrity of media practice in Nigeria has increasingly come under scrutiny due to the rising prevalence of ethical lapses, including sensationalism, biased reporting, fake news dissemination, and the widespread practice of “brown envelope” journalism—a euphemism for bribery and inducement of journalists (Okoro & Ugwuanyi, 2015).
              Kwara State, situated in the North-Central region of Nigeria, is not insulated from these national trends. With an increasing number of community radio stations, online news platforms, and citizen journalism outlets, the media landscape in Kwara State is rapidly evolving. This evolution brings about both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, it expands access to information and encourages civic participation. On the other hand, it raises critical ethical concerns, especially when untrained individuals or media professionals compromise professional standards for political, financial, or personal gain (Ayodele & Ibrahim, 2018).

             One of the key ethical dilemmas facing media practitioners in Nigeria is balancing the constitutional right to freedom of expression with the responsibility to ensure accuracy, fairness, and non-malicious reporting. The 1999 Nigerian Constitution guarantees press freedom, but many media outlets often operate without adherence to ethical guidelines laid out by professional bodies such as the Nigerian Press Council and the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ). The resulting ethical vacuum has contributed to misinformation, character assassination, and erosion of public trust in the media (Amaechi & Okoro, 2020).

            In addition, the rise of social media has further complicated ethical media practice. Youths, who form a significant demographic in Kwara State and Nigeria as a whole, frequently rely on social media platforms such as Twitter (now X), Facebook, and WhatsApp for news and opinion-sharing. However, studies show that many young people are unaware of journalistic ethical codes, and often share or create content without fact-checking or sensitivity to its societal impact (Adegbola, Ojebuyi, & Akinbowale, 2021). This growing trend contributes to the spread of fake news, hate speech, and cyberbullying, all of which pose ethical challenges for professional and citizen journalists alike.

            Moreover, ownership patterns in Nigeria’s media industry also impact ethical behavior. Media houses owned by political or business elites are more likely to prioritize the interests of their proprietors over public interest journalism, leading to biased or censored reporting (Idemili-Aronu & Anyaegbunam, 2016). This interference undermines the watchdog role of the press and compromises editorial independence.
            Against this backdrop, it becomes imperative to examine the ethical challenges faced by media practitioners, especially in the context of Nigeria and Kwara State. Understanding these challenges is crucial for recommending strategies that promote ethical compliance, safeguard the credibility of journalism, and encourage responsible media consumption among the public, particularly the youth.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

           While free speech is constitutionally protected, many youths in Kwara State exercise it without a proper understanding of the ethical responsibilities that accompany it. The proliferation of unverified content, character defamation, and the rise in online harassment among youth raise serious concerns about media ethics.

           There is a noticeable gap in awareness and adherence to ethical principles in mass communication, which has led to social conflicts, misinformation, and damaged reputations. Despite campaigns on digital responsibility, unethical media behavior persists among young people. This research, therefore, seeks to explore how youth in Kwara State can balance their right to free speech with responsible and ethical communication.

1.3 Research Objectives

1. To examine the awareness of media ethics among youth in Kwara State.
2. To assess how young people in Kwara State exercise their right to free speech on various media platforms.
3. To explore the ethical challenges youth face in mass communication.
4. To propose strategies that promote ethical communication among youth in the state.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of media ethics awareness among youth in Kwara State?
2. How do young people in Kwara State utilize media platforms for free speech?
3. What ethical issues do youth in Kwara State face in communication practices?
4. What measures can be adopted to promote ethical media usage among youth?

1.5 Scope of the Study

         This study focuses specifically on youth (aged 18–35) in Kwara State. It examines their understanding of media ethics and how they use various platforms—such as social media, online forums, and traditional media—to express themselves. The research will also analyze how ethical principles are perceived, challenged, or ignored by this demographic.
1.6 Significance of the Study

           This study is significant for several reasons:
Academic relevance: It contributes to literature on ethics and communication among Nigerian youth.
Policy formulation: It can inform educational programs and government policies on responsible media use.
Media literacy: It raises awareness about the importance of ethics in communication, helping to reduce harmful speech.
Youth development: It encourages critical thinking among youth regarding their role in shaping public discourse ethically.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study is limited by:
Access constraints: Some youth in rural areas may have limited access to mass media and internet.
Bias in responses: Participants may not be fully honest or aware of their unethical practices.
Time frame: Due to limited time, the study may not capture long-term behavioral changes.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Mass Communication: The process by which information is transmitted to a large audience through various media platforms.
Ethics: Moral principles that govern behavior in media practice, such as truthfulness, fairness, and respect.
Free Speech: The right to express opinions without government restraint, subject to legal and ethical boundaries.
Youth: Individuals aged between 18 and 35, as defined by the African Youth Charter.
Responsibility: The obligation to act ethically and be accountable for one’s words and actions in communication.
Balancing: refers to the process of ensuring a fair and proportionate alignment between two or more competing interests, values, or responsibilities. In media ethics, balancing specifically denotes the effort to reconcile the journalist’s right to freedom of expression with the obligation to uphold truth, accuracy, fairness, and social responsibility.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Framework

             Media ethics refers to the principles and standards that guide the behavior of individuals and institutions involved in the dissemination of information through various communication channels. The core concepts within media ethics include truthfulness, objectivity, fairness, accountability, and respect for human dignity. These ethical pillars are critical in ensuring that the media serves the public interest while maintaining its independence and credibility.

             In the context of Nigeria, and specifically Kwara State, the ethical climate of media practice is shaped by socio-political dynamics, ownership structures, and the digital transformation of information dissemination. Youths, who consume media at an increasing rate, are both influenced by and contribute to media content, particularly on social platforms. Therefore, balancing the right to freedom of expression with the responsibility to prevent harm and misinformation becomes a pressing concern.

            The conceptual framework for this study is grounded in the interaction between media freedom, ethical responsibilities, and the social impacts of media practice. This framework helps to understand how ethical decisions are made, what influences these decisions, and how they affect media credibility and public trust.

           Mass communication ethics encompass the rules and moral principles guiding how media content is created, disseminated, and consumed. These principles include truthfulness, accuracy, balance, fairness, and respect for others’ privacy (Christians et al., 2015). Ethics guide not only journalists and broadcasters but also social media users, including youth. 

            Mass communication serves as the backbone of societal interaction, providing news, entertainment, and educational content across various platforms. However, the influence of media brings about ethical responsibilities. Ethics in mass communication refers to the moral principles and standards that guide media practitioners in their duties. These ethics help safeguard public interest and promote the values of democracy, transparency, and social responsibility (Mc Quail, 2010).

             In Nigeria, media ethics are grounded in the Nigerian Press Council Code and broadcasting guidelines set by the NBC. Ethical lapses such as misinformation or sensationalism can erode public trust and incite social unrest.
Free speech is a universal right enshrined in law but must be practiced responsibly. The Social Responsibility Theory of the press, developed post-WWII, argues that freedom of expression must be coupled with accountability to the public (Siebert, Peterson & Schramm, 1956).

          This theory is relevant in Nigeria where freedom of speech can lead to conflicts if not ethically regulated. Youth must be aware that free speech does not include hate speech, incitement, or spreading falsehoods.
2.1.1:  Core Ethical Principles in Mass Communication
	
a. Truth and Accuracy
           Media practitioners are obligated to report the truth and verify facts before publication. Inaccurate reporting can lead to public misinformation and loss of trust (Plaisance, 2014).
b. Fairness and Objectivity
              Reporters should remain impartial and present all sides of a story, avoiding bias or favoritism. Ethical journalism requires balance, especially on controversial issues (Christians et al., 2016).

c. Accountability
           Journalists must be accountable to the public, acknowledging errors and correcting them promptly. Accountability enhances public confidence and upholds journalistic integrity (Ward, 2009).

d. Privacy
          Respecting individuals’ privacy is essential. Journalists must balance the public’s right to know with individuals' right to privacy, especially in cases involving trauma or minors (Day, 2006).

e. Avoidance of Harm
          Media content should not incite violence, hate, or discrimination. Ethical media practitioners consider the social impact of their work (Black et al., 2011).

2.1.2: Ethical Dilemmas in Mass Communication

           Despite guidelines, journalists often face complex ethical decisions such as:
a.	 Conflict of Interest: When personal interests affect reporting neutrality.
b.	Sensationalism: Exaggerating stories for ratings at the expense of truth.
c.	Fake: News and Misinformation: The rise of social media has amplified challenges in verifying news sources.
d.	Whistleblowing: Protecting sources vs. public interest in transparency.

2.1.3: Emerging Ethical Challenges in the Digital Age

The rise of digital media introduces new challenges:

a.	Deep fakes and AI-generated content
b.	Citizen journalism and lack of professional training
c.	Click bait headlines and algorithm-driven content
d.	Cyberbullying and online harassment
Media ethics must evolve to address these complexities in a technologically-driven era (Tambini, 2021).
Training and Continuous Education: Journalists should be regularly trained on emerging ethical challenges.
Public Media Literacy: Educating the public on how to critically evaluate media content.
            Strengthening Ethical Oversight Bodies: Empowering organizations like the NUJ and NBC to enforce ethics.
Promoting Investigative Journalism: Supporting truth-seeking reporting through legal protection and funding.
            Ethics in mass communication is essential to maintaining democracy, social harmony, and media credibility. While challenges persist, adherence to ethical principles and continuous adaptation to emerging realities can uphold the integrity of journalism. Ethical media practice is not just a professional necessity—it is a moral duty to society.

2.1.4: Youth and Media Usage in Nigeria

            The Nigerian youth population is one of the largest in Africa, comprising individuals between the ages of 15 and 35, as defined by the Nigerian National Youth Policy (2019). With over 60% of Nigeria's population being under 30 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2022), their interaction with media has become a crucial subject of study, especially considering the ethical and socio-political implications of media content consumption and production.
              Youth are heavy users of both traditional and new media. Their communication habits are shaped by internet access, peer influence, and pop culture. Social media platforms such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), TikTok, and WhatsApp are commonly used to express opinions and engage with the public.
           While these platforms encourage participation, many youths are unaware of the ethical implications of their online behaviour (Livingstone & Helsper, 2007). Issues such as cyberbullying, rumour-spreading, and online harassment are becoming more prevalent.
2.2 Theoretical Foundations of Media Ethics

      Several theories offer valuable insights into the ethical challenges of media practice:
a. Social Responsibility Theory
           The Social Responsibility Theory holds that while the press enjoys freedom, it must also be responsible to society by providing accurate, balanced, and fair information. According to Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm (1956), the media must act in the public interest; support democratic processes, and avoid content that could harm individuals or groups. In Nigeria, this theory underscores the ethical obligation of journalists to resist publishing content that incites violence, spreads misinformation, or disrespects cultural values.

b. Deontological Ethics
             (Duty-Based Ethics) Deontological ethics, associated with Immanuel Kant, emphasizes adherence to duty, rules, and principles regardless of outcomes. In journalism, this theory advocates for strict adherence to professional codes of ethics, such as truth-telling and accuracy, even when the consequences may be inconvenient or unpopular.

c. Utilitarianism
             (Consequentialism) Utilitarian ethics, as proposed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, judges the rightness of actions based on their outcomes. In media practice, this theory supports decisions that promote the greatest good for the greatest number. However, it also presents a dilemma when immediate public interest clashes with long-term societal harm, such as sensationalist news that garners attention but spreads panic or misinformation.

d. Agenda-Setting Theory
              This theory, introduced by McCombs and Shaw (1972), explains how the media influences what the public thinks about by giving more attention to certain issues. Ethically, this places a burden on media practitioners to ensure that the issues prioritized are relevant, accurate, and beneficial to public discourse, rather than manipulated by political or commercial interests.

 2.2.1: Regulatory and Professional Guidelines
a.	Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) Code of Ethics
 The SPJ Code advocates for seeking truth, minimizing harm, acting    independently,       and being accountable and transparent (SPJ, 2014).
b.	Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) Code
The NUJ emphasizes credibility, professional conduct, objectivity, and commitment to national interest (NUJ, 2018).
c. NBC Code (Nigeria)

The Nigerian Broadcasting Commission regulates broadcast content to ensure ethical standards in television and radio programming (NBC, 2022).
2.2.2: Related Case Studies

a. The BBC Phone-in Scandal
BBC producers were found to have faked winners in call-in contests, raising concerns over truthfulness and transparency (Ofcom, 2007).
b. EndSARS Protest Coverage (Nigeria)
Media organizations faced ethical scrutiny over their coverage of the 2020 protests, with accusations of censorship, misinformation, and unbalanced reporting (Premium Times, 2020).

2.2.3 Media Landscape in Nigeria

             The Nigerian media space is diverse, including traditional media (radio, television, newspapers) and digital platforms (social media, blogs, podcasts). According to Statista (2023), over 60 million Nigerians use the internet, with more than half of them between the ages of 18 and 34. Social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter (now X) are the most widely used among Nigerian youths.
2.2.4: Patterns of Media Usage among Youths
Youths in Nigeria primarily use media for:
•	Entertainment (music, movies, memes, skits)
•	Communication (chats, video calls, forums)
•	Information acquisition (news, trends, educational content)
•	Activism and political mobilization (e.g., #EndSARS movement)
•	Self-expression and identity building (blogging, vlogging, personal branding)

             Okon (2020) observed that youths in Nigerian universities spend over 4 hours daily on social media platforms, with usage peaking during non-academic hours. The study also indicated that entertainment, rather than education or civic engagement, dominated usage patterns.

2.2.5: Youths and Media Usage in Kwara State

             Kwara State, located in North-Central Nigeria, mirrors national trends in youth media behaviour. University towns like Ilorin have witnessed a surge in youth-led content creation and digital engagement. The popularity of mobile journalism, TikTok content, and Instagram promotion reflects a tech-savvy youth culture.
           AbdulRaheem and Adeyemi (2021) in a study on youth digital engagement in Ilorin metropolis, found that over 75% of respondents used media primarily for social networking, while only 15% used it for educational purposes. Furthermore, the ethical implications of media usage were largely unconsidered, especially in terms of fake news sharing and cyberbullying.

2.2.6: Ethical Challenges in Youth Media Usage
           Despite the advantages, youth engagement with media raises several concerns:
Spread of misinformation: Youths often share unverified news, especially during elections or crises.
•	Cyberbullying and hate speech: These are increasingly common on Nigerian Twitter/X and Facebook.
•	Invasion of privacy: Many youths unknowingly expose personal data and engage in doxxing.
•	Decline in cultural values: Western influences through media are rapidly altering indigenous moral values.

            Oyesomi and Salawu (2022) noted that social media had become a double-edged sword, empowering Nigerian youth while also exposing them to ethical vulnerabilities, especially in unregulated online spaces.
2.2.7: Positive Impacts of Media Usage

              Despite ethical issues, media also empower Nigerian youths in various ways:
•	Civic awareness and activism: Platforms are used to demand accountability, as seen during #EndSARS.
•	Entrepreneurship: Youths leverage Instagram, WhatsApp, and Facebook for online business and marketing.
•	Digital literacy and skills: Many have gained income-generating skills via YouTube, Coursera, and other platforms.
•	Creative expression: Music, art, comedy, and digital storytelling have flourished among young Nigerians.
            Egbunike (2021) highlighted that digital platforms offered Nigerian youth a voice long denied by traditional media, empowering them to shape narratives and hold leaders accountable.
2.2.8: Need for Ethical Education and Regulation

           There is a growing need for media literacy programs and digital ethics education among Nigerian youth, especially in Kwara State. Institutions and governments must promote critical thinking, fact-checking, and responsible media use.
Adekunle and Bello (2022) advocated for integrating digital ethics into Nigeria’s secondary and tertiary education curricula to prepare youth for responsible digital citizenship.
            Media has significantly reshaped youth culture in Nigeria and Kwara State. While offering numerous opportunities for growth and expression, it also presents challenges that require urgent attention in the form of ethical education, policy regulation, and youth engagement programs.
2.3 Review of Related Studies

      1. Ojebuyi & Salawu (2020): Youths’ Engagement with Ethical Media Content in Nigeria 
Ojebuyi and Salawu (2020) conducted a study on the ethical orientation of youth towards media content and how ethical lapses in Nigerian media influenced their perception. The study revealed that most Nigerian youth are increasingly exposed to sensationalism and unverified content online, which affects their moral compass and critical thinking. The research highlighted that media houses often prioritize breaking news over accurate reporting, thereby influencing youths' ethical values. The authors recommended stronger media literacy programs and ethical regulation enforcement.

            2. Okoro & Daramola (2016): Journalism Practice and Ethical Challenges in Nigeria
Okoro and Daramola (2016) studied the challenges of maintaining ethical journalism in Nigeria. Their empirical findings showed that ownership interference, poor remuneration, and political influence are primary causes of ethical compromise in media practice. The study emphasized that young media consumers are often left confused by conflicting reports and ethically biased news, making it difficult for them to form informed opinions.

            3. Asemah (2011): Media and Youth Moral Development in Nigeria
Asemah (2011) examined the impact of media content on the moral development of Nigerian youth. The study involved a survey of over 400 secondary and university students across three states including Kwara. The result showed that unethical media portrayals especially on social media significantly contributed to moral laxity, loss of cultural values, and acceptance of deviant behaviors among the youth. It emphasized the urgent need for ethical guidelines on youth-targeted media.
             4. Yusuf (2018): Youth and Freedom of Speech on Social Media
Yusuf (2018) focused on how youths in Kwara State interpret and practice freedom of speech on social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. The study used questionnaires distributed to 300 university students and discovered a strong link between freedom of expression and ethical misuse, including cyberbullying, hate speech, and misinformation. It argued that without proper ethical grounding, free speech can be misused, especially among impressionable youth.
              5. Agbanu et al. (2021): Ethical Dilemmas and Youth Media Exposure
Agbanu and colleagues (2021) explored ethical dilemmas in mass media and how youth media exposure in South-West Nigeria (including Kwara State) reflects a gap in ethical content consumption. The study used a mixed-method approach and found that despite awareness of media ethics, youth engagement with biased or unethical media content remains high. This is largely due to lack of enforcement of regulatory frameworks and the viral nature of unethical media.

2.3.1: Ethical Challenges in Media Practice in Kwara State

           Ethical journalism is fundamental to maintaining trust, integrity, and accountability in any democratic society. In Nigeria and its sub-regions like Kwara State, media practices are frequently challenged by issues ranging from political interference and commercialization to misinformation and lack of professionalism. These challenges undermine the credibility of media institutions and threaten responsible communication, especially among the youth.
a. Spread of Misinformation and Fake News

             The rapid dissemination of fake news, especially through social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Twitter (now X), has become a major ethical problem in Nigerian media. False information is often circulated during elections, crises, or religious events, leading to panic, unrest, or even violence.
During the 2019 general elections in Kwara State, unverified claims and doctored images were widely shared to manipulate public opinion.

b. Commercialization of News

           The commodification of news, where stories are influenced or paid for by advertisers, politicians, or corporate interests, compromises journalistic integrity. In Nigeria, "brown envelope journalism" — a term for bribery of reporters — is widespread.
Local journalists in Ilorin have reported pressures to tailor news in favour of certain political figures or advertisers to retain funding.
c. Political Influence and Censorship
             In many cases, Nigerian journalists operate under political pressures and threats. Government institutions often threaten to revoke licenses or shut down media outlets that are critical of public officials.
Some community radio stations in Kwara are careful with their editorial content to avoid antagonizing local authorities or risking sanctions from the Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC).
d. Lack of Professional Training
            The absence of adequate training in ethical journalism among practitioners is another challenge. Many media professionals lack formal education in communication ethics and journalism.

In Kwara State, some community media outlets rely on volunteers or interns who lack knowledge of journalism ethics, resulting in poor content quality and unprofessional practices.
e. Breach of Privacy and Sensationalism
           Many Nigerian media outlets publish graphic or intrusive content, violating individual rights to dignity and privacy. The pressure to gain public attention leads to sensational headlines and images that are often unethical.
Cases have been reported where private tragedies were broadcast on local radio or published in tabloids without the consent of the affected individuals or families.
f. Gender Bias and Stereotyping
             Media in Nigeria often portray women in stereotypical roles, reinforcing gender biases. News coverage can be sexist, and representation of women in leadership or technology is minimal.
In Ilorin-based news outlets, studies show a low frequency of female expert voices or role models featured in news programs.
g. Cyberbullying and Hate Speech
            Digital media in Nigeria has given rise to cyberbullying, especially among youths. Online platforms are used to harass, threaten, or defame others, often with political or ethnic undertones.
Social media users in Kwara, especially students, have been involved in cyber fights or character attacks that later escalated to physical confrontations.
h. Plagiarism and Intellectual Theft
            A less-discussed but significant issue is the copying of content without attribution, especially among media blogs, online news outlets, and even traditional newspapers.
Some radio stations re-broadcast materials or reuse online articles without crediting the source, violating copyright laws and ethical standards.

              The practice of journalism and media in Nigeria and Kwara State faces numerous ethical challenges that compromise integrity, public trust, and democratic values. Addressing these issues requires institutional reform, stronger media literacy education, and a recommitment to ethical standards by practitioners, especially in an era of increasing digital influence and youth participation.

2.3.2: Media Regulation and Legal Framework in Nigeria

              The Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC), the Nigerian Press Council (NPC), and the Cybercrime Act of 2015 are key instruments regulating media ethics. These bodies set guidelines on content moderation, hate speech, and responsible journalism. However, enforcement remains inconsistent, especially in digital spaces.

              The Nigerian youth population is one of the largest in Africa, comprising individuals between the ages of 15 and 35, as defined by the Nigerian National Youth Policy (2019). With over 60% of Nigeria's population being under 30 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2022), their interaction with media has become a crucial subject of study, especially considering the ethical and socio-political implications of media content consumption and production

.2.3.3: Media Landscape in Nigeria
          The Nigerian media space is diverse, including traditional media (radio, television, newspapers) and digital platforms (social media, blogs, podcasts). According to Statista (2023), over 60 million Nigerians use the internet, with more than half of them between the ages of 18 and 34. Social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter (now X) are the most widely used among Nigerian youths.
2.3.4: Patterns of Media Usage among Youths

•	Youths in Nigeria primarily use media for:
•	Entertainment (music, movies, memes, skits)
•	Communication (chats, video calls, forums)
•	Information acquisition (news, trends, educational content)
•	Activism and political mobilization (e.g., EndSARS movement)
•	Self-expression and identity building (blogging, vlogging, personal branding)

2.3.5: Youths and Media Usage in Kwara State

            Kwara State, located in North-Central Nigeria, mirrors national trends in youth media behavior. University towns like Ilorin have witnessed a surge in youth-led content creation and digital engagement. The popularity of mobile journalism, TikTok content, and Instagram promotion reflects a tech-savvy youth culture.
           AbdulRaheem and Adeyemi (2021) in a study on youth digital engagement in Ilorin metropolis, found that over 75% of respondents used media primarily for social networking, while only 15% used it for educational purposes. Furthermore, the ethical implications of media usage were largely unconsidered, especially in terms of fake news sharing and cyberbullying.
2.3.6: Ethical Challenges in Youth Media Usage

           Despite the advantages, youth engagement with media raises several concerns:
•	Spread of misinformation: Youths often share unverified news, especially during elections or crises.
•	Cyberbullying and hate speech: These are increasingly common on Nigerian Twitter/X and Facebook.
•	Invasion of privacy: Many youths unknowingly expose personal data and engage in doxxing.
•	Decline in cultural values: Western influences through media are rapidly altering indigenous moral values.
2.3.7: Positive Impacts of Media Usage

             Despite ethical issues, media also empower Nigerian youths in various ways:
•	Civic awareness and activism: Platforms are used to demand accountability, as seen during EndSARS.
•	Entrepreneurship: Youths leverage Instagram, WhatsApp, and Facebook for online business and marketing.
•	Digital literacy and skills: Many have gained income-generating skills via YouTube, Coursera, and other platforms.
•	Creative expression: Music, art, comedy, and digital storytelling have flourished among young Nigerians.
Egbunike (2021) highlighted that digital platforms offered Nigerian youth a voice long denied by traditional media, empowering them to shape narratives and hold leaders accountable.
2.3.8: Need for Ethical Education and Regulation

               There is a growing need for media literacy programs and digital ethics education among Nigerian youth, especially in Kwara State. Institutions and governments must promote critical thinking, fact-checking, and responsible media use.
Adekunle and Bello (2022) advocated for integrating digital ethics into Nigeria’s secondary and tertiary education curricula to prepare youth for responsible digital citizenship.
               Media has significantly reshaped youth culture in Nigeria and Kwara State. While offering numerous opportunities for growth and expression, it also presents challenges that require urgent attention in the form of ethical education, policy regulation, and youth engagement programs.
2.4 Empirical Review 

            The empirical review provides an assessment of previous research findings related to ethical challenges in media practice. It focuses on how scholars and researchers have investigated issues such as media ethics, youth engagement, misinformation, political influence, and journalistic professionalism in Nigeria and Kwara State. These studies offer insight into patterns, causes, and potential solutions to ethical lapses in journalism.
2.4.1: Brown Envelope Syndrome and Media Integrity
              Okoro and Ugwuanyi (2015) conducted a study on the prevalence of "brown envelope" journalism among Nigerian reporters. They found that 82% of respondents admitted to receiving informal payments to publish news stories. This practice was attributed to poor remuneration, lack of ethical training, and weak institutional regulation.
2.4.2: Youth and Social Media Ethics
             Adegbola, Ojebuyi, and Akinbowale (2021) analyzed the relationship between social media use and ethical awareness among Nigerian youths. Their survey showed that while most youth were active online, over 60% were unaware of media laws governing hate speech or cyberbullying. This underscores the need for digital literacy education.
2.4.3: Fake News and Trust in Media
              A study by Amaechi and Okoro (2020) examined the impact of fake news on public trust in Nigerian journalism. They found a significant decline in trust, especially among youth, due to the spread of misinformation during elections and national crises. Their findings highlight the ethical responsibilities of journalists in verifying information.
2.4.4: Media Ownership and Editorial Control
            Idemili-Aronu and Anyaegbunam (2016) explored how ownership patterns affect ethical standards in Nigerian media houses. They observed that political ownership often leads to biased reporting and editorial interference, which compromises ethical journalism.
2.4.5: Ethics and Community Radio Practice

          In Kwara State, Ayodele and Ibrahim (2018) investigated ethical compliance among community radio stations. The study revealed challenges such as lack of code enforcement, inadequate training, and commercial pressures. Despite these, some stations attempted to maintain editorial standards through self-regulation.
2.4.6: Gender Representation in Nigerian Media
          A study by Idowu (2017) focused on the portrayal of women in news and advertisements. It found that female voices were underrepresented in political and technical discussions, contributing to gender bias and reinforcing stereotypes.
The reviewed studies offer empirical evidence of the ethical issues plaguing Nigerian media and highlight specific areas of concern in Kwara State. They demonstrate a consensus on the need for ethical reforms, improved journalist training, stronger media regulation, and public education on responsible media use.

          A study by Okoye (2020) revealed that over 60% of youth in southwestern Nigeria regularly accessed social media but lacked awareness of ethical standards. Another study by Abayomi & Lawal (2019) found that media training programs significantly improved ethical behavior in youth journalism groups.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The descriptive survey method was considered suitable because it allowed the researcher to gather data from a large population of respondents to understand their perception, awareness, and attitude toward ethical considerations in mass communication, particularly regarding free speech and responsibility among youths in Kwara State. This approach helped in the generalization of findings across the studied population.
        According to Creswell (2014), descriptive surveys are effective in examining attitudes, behaviors, and opinions of a population, making it ideal for this study that explores ethical media engagement among youths.

3.2 Population of the Study

The population of this study consisted of youths aged between 18 and 35 years residing in Kwara State, Nigeria. This demographic was selected because they constitute the majority of media users, particularly on social media platforms, and are significantly affected by ethical considerations in mass communication.

         As observed by Adeyanju (2020), youths in Nigeria are the most active media consumers and content producers, making their participation vital in studies involving ethics and media practice. Therefore sample sizes of 100 respondents were selected for an effective result.

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The sample size for this study was 100 respondents, out of which 80 questionnaires were successfully retrieved and analyzed. A purposive sampling technique was employed to target youths in tertiary institutions, social media spaces, and youth-oriented organizations within Ilorin, the capital of Kwara State. This technique was used to ensure that respondents had sufficient exposure to media content.

      Purposive sampling allows researchers to intentionally select individuals who are more likely to provide rich, relevant, and diverse data (Etikan, Musa & Alkassim, 2016).

3.4 Research Instrument

The primary instrument for data collection will be a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two sections:
Section A: Collected demographic information such as age, gender, education level, and media usage pattern.
Section B: Contained 20 items measuring respondents’ awareness, perception, and experiences regarding media ethics, freedom of expression, and youth responsibility.
The questionnaire used a five-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Agree (5) to Strongly Disagree (1), allowing quantitative measurement of opinions.

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

To ensure validity, the questionnaire will be reviewed by two mass communication experts and a research methodology lecturer. Their feedback helped in refining ambiguous questions and improving content relevance.
To test for reliability, a pilot study was conducted with 10 respondents from a neighboring local government outside the final sample. The results yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.83, indicating a high level of internal consistency.
According to Tavakol and Dennick (2011), a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.70 and above indicates acceptable reliability.

3.6 Method of Data Collection
The questionnaires will be distributed physically and electronically over a three-week period. Physical distribution was done within selected tertiary institutions and youth groups, while online surveys were shared via WhatsApp and email. Respondents were given sufficient time (about one week) to complete and return the questionnaires.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis
The data retrieved will be coded and analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies, percentages, and mean scores. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used to process the data. The results were presented using tables and charts for easy comprehension.

3.8 Ethical Considerations
Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed of their right to withdraw at any stage.
Anonymity and confidentiality were assured.
Respondents gave informed consent before participating in the study.
 The ethical guidelines will be consistent with the principles of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020).

3.9 Limitation of the Methodology
Low response rate: Only 80 out of 100 questionnaires were retrieved, possibly affecting the generalizability of the findings.

Geographical limitation: The focus on Ilorin may limit the ability to apply findings to other regions of Kwara State.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Response Rate
Out of the 100 questionnaires distributed, 80 were duly filled and returned, resulting in an 80% response rate. This is considered adequate and acceptable for the purposes of this study (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003).

Table 4.1 showing the response rate
Item	 Frequency	Percentage (%)	
Questionnaires Distributed	100	100	
Questionnaires Retrieved	80	80	
Questionnaires Unretrieved	20	20	
 Source.  Research Survey 2025

4.2 Demographic Data of Respondents
Table 4.2.1 presenting the Gender of the respondents
Gender	     Frequency	     Percentage (%)
	
Male	        4	        56.3	
Female  	       35	        43.7	
Source.  Research Survey 2025

Table 4.2.2 showing the Age Range of the respondents
Age Range	               Frequency	        Percentage (%)	
18-22		                20	              25	
23-27	                35	            43.8	
28-32	                15	            18.8	
33-35	                10	            12.5	
Total	                80	            100	
Source.  Research Survey 2025

 Table 4.2.3 Presenting the Educational Qualification of the Respondents
Qualification	Frequency	Percentage (%)	
SSCE	10	12.5	
OND/NCE	25	31.3	
HND/Bachelor's Degree	30	37.5	
Postgraduate	15	18.7	
Total	80	100	
Source.  Research Survey 2025

 Table 4.2.4 Showing the Media Usage Pattern
Frequency of Media Use	        Frequency	Percentage (%)	
Very Frequently	40	50	
Frequently	25	31.3	
Occasionally	10	12.5	
Rarely	5	6.2	
Total	80	100	
Source.  Research Survey 2025

4.3 Responses to Research Questions
Research Question 1: Are youths in Kwara State aware of media ethics?
Table 4.3.1 Presenting the Responses to Research Question 1
Statement	SA	A	N	D	SD	Mean	
I understand what media ethics entails.	40	25	5	5	5	4.1	
I have been taught about media ethics in school or online.	35	30	5	5	5	4.0	
Media ethics is important for media practitioners and consumers alike.	45	25	5	3	2	4.3	

The responses suggest a high level of awareness of media ethics among the youths surveyed, with most respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing.
Research Question 2: How do youths perceive free speech in relation to responsibility?

Table 4.3.2 Presenting the Responses to Research Question 2
Statement	SA	A	N	D	SD	Mean	
Free speech is a fundamental human right.	50	20	5	3	2	4.4	
The right to free speech must be balanced with responsibility.	45	25	5	3	2	4.3	
Youths often misuse free speech on social media platforms.	30	35	5	5	2	4.0	
Source.  Research Survey 2025

These findings indicate that respondents value free speech but also recognize the need for ethical responsibility.
Research Question 3: What ethical challenges do youths face in mass communication?

Table4.3.3 Presenting the Responses to Research Question 3
Statement	SA	A	N	D	SD	Mean	
Fake news and misinformation are common on social media.	45	25	5	3	2	4.3	
Many youths are unaware of media laws and ethical guidelines.	40	30	5	3	2	4.3	
There is peer pressure to post unverified content for attention.	35	30	5	5	5	4.0	
These results highlight ethical lapses and challenges faced by youths in digital communication.
4.4 Summary of Findings
•	A majority of respondents are aware of media ethics and recognize their importance.
•	Free speech is valued, but there is an awareness of its potential abuse.
•	Major ethical challenges include fake news, peer pressure, and ignorance of media law.

4.5 Discussion of Findings in Comparison with Existing Research

These findings align with Adeyanju (2020), who emphasized that while Nigerian youths are active media users, their ethical practices are often weak due to limited awareness. Similarly, Okoro and Ugwuanyi (2021) found that most Nigerian youths confuse free speech with the license to spread harmful content. The current research supports these conclusions, revealing significant concern among Kwara youths regarding the misuse of social media platforms.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of the Study

This study explored the ethical dimensions of mass communication with a focus on how youths in Kwara State navigate the delicate balance between free speech and responsible communication. It sought to examine the level of awareness, perception, and adherence to ethical media practices among youths, considering the proliferation of digital platforms such as social media, blogs, and online forums.
The study was anchored on key theoretical perspectives including Social Responsibility Theory, Deontological Ethics, and Utilitarianism, which collectively provided a framework to evaluate how ethical standards are interpreted and practiced in mass communication. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents, out of which 80 were successfully retrieved, analyzed, and interpreted using descriptive statistics.

Findings revealed that:
Most youths have access to and actively use digital media platforms.
There is a moderate level of awareness regarding media ethics among respondents.
Many respondents believe in freedom of expression but show limited understanding of the boundaries of responsible communication.
A significant number of youths unknowingly propagate misinformation and violate ethical standards due to lack of media literacy and poor regulation.

These findings corroborated earlier studies such as those by Oso (2012) and Okoro and Agbo (2015), which emphasized the growing need for ethical reorientation and media education among Nigerian youths in the digital age.
5.2 Conclusion

            This research concludes that while freedom of speech is a constitutional right and vital for democratic engagement, it must be exercised with responsibility—especially in an era dominated by youth-driven content on digital platforms. The study confirmed that youths in Kwara State, although active media users, often lack adequate ethical training to discern between free speech and harmful or unethical communication practices.

          Ethical challenges such as misinformation, defamation, hate speech, and invasion of privacy remain prevalent and are often perpetuated due to ignorance or peer influence. Therefore, strengthening media ethics education, enhancing institutional regulatory roles, and promoting responsible media usage among youths are paramount for a healthy communication culture.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings, the following recommendations are proposed:
1. Incorporate Media Ethics into School Curricula
Educational institutions, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels, should include media literacy and ethics in their general studies. This would help shape the attitudes of youths towards responsible media use.

2. Organize Public Media Literacy Campaigns
Government and NGOs should partner with media organizations to run community-based campaigns, workshops, and seminars that raise awareness about ethical communication and the implications of irresponsible speech.
3. Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks
Media regulatory agencies like NBC and NUJ should increase oversight on youth-targeted content and enforce ethical standards without infringing on fundamental rights.
4. Encourage Peer Advocacy among Youths
Youth-led initiatives and clubs should be encouraged to engage in peer advocacy about ethical media use through debates, sensitization events, and digital campaigns.
5. Promote Parental and Guardian Involvement
Parents and guardians must play an active role in mentoring their children on media use, guiding them on how to verify sources and resist sharing unverified content.
6. Support Research and Policy Development
Stakeholders should fund more empirical research to provide updated data on youth media habits and influence policymaking aimed at improving ethical standards.

5.4 Contribution to Knowledge

•	This study contributes to existing literature by highlighting the ethical dilemmas faced by youths in media practice in a digital Nigerian society. Specifically, it:
•	Provides empirical evidence on the level of ethical awareness among youths in Kwara State.

•	Highlights the intersection of technology, youth culture, and media responsibility.
•	Proposes context-specific recommendations tailored to the challenges faced in Nigerian media ethics.

5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies

Future research could:
1. Conduct a comparative study across different states or geopolitical zones in Nigeria to assess regional variations in ethical awareness.
2. Explore the role of religious and cultural values in shaping youth behavior in media use.
3. Investigate the influence of specific media platforms (e.g., TikTok, Instagram, WhatsApp) on ethical breaches among youths.
4. Assess the effectiveness of existing media regulations in reducing unethical practices among young content creators.

REFERENCES

Abayomi, T., & Lawal, F. (2019). Impact of media training programs on ethical 
          behavior in youth journalism groups in Nigeria. Journal of Media Practice
          and Education, 20(3), 211–225.
AbdulRaheem, T., & Adeyemi, O. (2021). Youth digital engagement and ethical
            implications in Ilorin Metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Communication Studies, 
            15(2), 45–60.
Adegbola, T., Ojebuyi, B., & Akinbowale, O. (2021). Social media use and ethical
              awareness among Nigerian youths. African Journal of Mass Communication,
              9(1), 22–36.
Adekunle, M., & Bello, A. (2022). Integrating digital ethics into Nigerian education 
              curricula: Preparing youths for responsible citizenship. Journal of Digital
              Literacy and Education, 14(1), 50–64.
Adeyanju, A. (2020). Media consumption patterns and ethical practices among 
               Nigerian youths. West African Communication Review, 8(4), 33–47.
Amaechi, E., & Okoro, N. (2020). Fake news and public trust in Nigerian journalism.
                Journal of African Media Studies, 12(2), 145–160.
Asemah, E. S. (2011). Influence of media content on the moral development of 
                 Nigerian youths. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 101–115.
Ayodele, F., & Ibrahim, M. (2018). Ethical compliance among community radio
                 stations in Kwara State, Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of Media and Society, 6(2),
                 55–70.
Black, J., Steele, B., & Barney, R. (2011). Doing ethics in media: Theories
              and practical applications (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Christians, C., Glasser, T., McQuail, D., Nordenstreng, K., & White, R. (2015).
              Normative theories of the media: Journalism in democratic societies.
             University of Illinois Press.
Christians, C., Glasser, T., McQuail, D., Nordenstreng, K., & White, R. (2016).
              Media ethics and impartial reporting: A contemporary approach. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods 
             approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Day, L. A. (2006). Ethics in media communication: Cases and controversies (5th ed.).
            Wadsworth.
Egbunike, N. (2021). Digital platforms and youth empowerment in Nigeria. African 
           Media Review, 29(1), 75–90.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience 
            sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and 
           Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.
Idemili-Aronu, N., & Anyaegbunam, F. (2016). Media ownership and editorial
           independence in Nigeria. Journal of Media Ethics and Society, 10(2), 88–99.
Idowu, L. (2017). Gender representation in Nigerian media: Stereotypes and realities. 
           Journal of African Gender Studies, 12(1), 33–49.

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2007). Gradations in digital inclusion: Children, 
          young people, and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 9(4), 671–696.

McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory (6th ed.). SAGE 
          Publications.
National Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Nigeria’s demographic profile: Youth statistics 
           and media engagement. Abuja: NBS.
Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ). (2018). Code of ethics for Nigerian journalists. 
           Abuja: NUJ.
Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC). (2022). Nigerian broadcasting code
         (6th ed.). Abuja: NBC.
Ofcom. (2007). BBC phone-in competition investigation: Findings and conclusions.
           London: Ofcom.
Ojebuyi, B., & Salawu, A. (2020). Ethical orientation of Nigerian youth toward media 
            content. Journal of African Communication Research, 8(2), 90–104.
Okon, E. E. (2020). Social media engagement among Nigerian university students:
             Patterns and implications. Nigerian Journal of Digital Society, 11(3), 40–59.
Okoro, N., & Daramola, I. (2016). Challenges of maintaining ethical journalism in 
              Nigeria. Journal of Media and Society, 14(1), 25–39.
Okoro, N., & Ugwuanyi, C. (2015). Brown envelope journalism: Prevalence and
             ethical implications in Nigerian media. African Journal of Journalism and 
             Ethics, 7(2), 110–125.
Okoye, T. (2020). Social media usage and ethical awareness among southwestern 
             Nigerian youths. Journal of Media Literacy and Society, 16(4), 55–70.
Oso, L. (2012). Media and society in Nigeria. Mosuro Publishers.

Oyesomi, K., & Salawu, A. (2022). Social media and the ethical vulnerabilities of
            Nigerian youths. Journal of Communication and Media Research, 14(2), 
           122– 137.
Plaisance, P. L. (2014). Media ethics: Key principles for responsible practice (2nd 
            ed.). SAGE Publications.
Premium Times. (2020). EndSARS protest coverage: Ethical challenges and media 
            accountability. Abuja: Premium Times.
Siebert, F. S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1956). Four theories of the press.
            University of Illinois Press.
Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ). (2014). SPJ code of ethics. Indianapolis:
            SPJ.
Statista. (2023). Internet usage and digital penetration in Nigeria. Hamburg: Statista.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International
           Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
Tambini, D. (2021). Media ethics in the digital age. Polity Press.

Ward, S. J. A. (2009). Ethics and the media: An introduction. Cambridge University 
            Press.
Yusuf, M. A. (2018). Freedom of speech and ethical challenges among youth social 
            media users in Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of African Communication
            Studies, 5(2), 201–215.

APPENDIX
KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN
                            DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION
                             QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RESEARCH STUDY

Title: Ethic in Mass Communication: Balancing free speech and Responsibility Among Youth in Kwara State.

Instruction: Kindly tick (✔) the appropriate option that best represents your opinion. Your responses will be kept strictly confidential and used solely for academic purposes.

SECTION A
Demographic Information

1. Gender
☐ Male   ☐ Female

2. Age
☐ 15–20 ☐ 21–25 ☐ 26–30 ☐ 31–35

3. Educational Qualification
☐ SSCE ☐ ND ☐ HND ☐ B.Sc.☐ Others

4. Location/Senatorial District
☐ Kwara North ☐ Kwara Central ☐ Kwara South

SECTION B
Media Usage Patterns

5. Which type of media do you use most frequently?
☐ Radio☐ Television ☐ Newspaper ☐ Social Media (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp, TikTok)

6 On average, how many hours do you spend on media daily?
☐ Less than 1 hour ☐ 1–3 hours ☐ 4–6 hours ☐ More than 6 hours

7. Which media platform do you trust most for factual information?
☐ Traditional Media (Radio/TV/Newspaper) ☐ Social Media ☐ Online Blogs ☐ None

8. Do you believe the media influences the behavior of youth?
 ☐ Agree ☐ Neutral ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree

SECTION C
Perception of Media Ethics and Free Speech

9. Do you believe media in Nigeria adhere to ethical standards?
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Not Sure
10. Have you ever encountered misleading or false news on social media?
☐ Yes ☐ No

11. Do you think youth in Kwara State understand media ethics?
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Not Sure

12.  Media content be regulated to ensure ethical conduct
 ☐ Agree ☐ Neutral ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree

13. Government regulate freedom of expression online?
 ☐ Agree ☐ Neutral ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree

14. Media ethics be included in the school curriculum?
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Not Sure

SECTION D
Ethical Challenges and Responsibility

15. Have you ever witnessed hate speech, cyberbullying, or misinformation online?
☐ Yes ☐ No

16. Media freedom is being abused by youths in Nigeria
 ☐ Agree ☐ Neutral ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree

17. Who should be held responsible for unethical media content?
☐ Government ☐ Media Organizations ☐ Social Media Platforms ☐ Individual Users

18. What do you do when you come across unethical content online?
☐ Report it ☐ Ignore it ☐ Share it ☐ Confront the Poster

19. Do you think there’s a balance between free speech and ethical responsibility in Nigerian media?
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Not Sure

20. In your opinion, what is the best way to promote ethical media use among youths?
☐ Media Literacy Campaigns ☐ School-based Ethics Education ☐ Government Regulations ☐ Parental Guidance