PERCEPTION OF RADIO LISTENERS IN ILORIN SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON THE UTILITY OF LIVE STREAMING ON RADIO PRODUCTION

BY

ISMAIL SULIYAT IBUKUNOLUWA

HND/23/MAC/FT/0323

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN

MASS COMMUNICATION.

MAY. 2025

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project was fully carried out by ISMAIL SULIYAT IBUKUNOLUWA with Matric Number HND/23/MAC/FT/0323 also has been carefuly read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mass Communication of the Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin.

____________________________	_________________

MR. OLUFADI B.A.	DATE

(PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR)

____________________________	_________________

MR. OLUFADI B.A.	DATE

(PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR)

____________________________	_________________

MR. OLOHUNGBEBE F.T.	DATE

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

____________________________	_________________

EXTERNAL EXAMINER	DATE

DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to Almighty Allah the giver of wisdom and knowledge for His love and protection over my life throughout my Higher National Diploma and also my amazing lovely and wonderful family.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My Sincere Gratitude goes to Almighty Allah, who gave me the grace and privileged to complete my academic career in this institution.

A research project of this nature cannot be successfully accomplished without the assistance of some noble persons. I would like to record my appreciation to the following individuals.

Firstly, my sincere gratitude goes to my parents MR. and MRS. ISMAIL for their immense love, guidance, advice, prayers, belief, understanding and financial support. May Almighty Allah grant you all your heart desires and opportune you to reap the fruits of your labour. I don't know where I would have been without you both.

My Sincere gratitude also goes to my supervisor, MR. OLUFADI B.A for his enthusiasm, patience, insightful comments, helpful information, practical advice and increasing ideas that have helped me tremendously at all times in my research and writing of this thesis. His immense knowledge and profound experience have enabled me to complete this research successfully. Without this support and guidance, this project would not have been possible; I could not have imagined having a better supervisor in my study.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page	i

Certification	ii

Dedication	iii

Acknowledgement	iv

Table of Contents	v

Abstract	vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction	1

1.1 Background of the study	1

1.2 Statement of the Problem	4

1.3 Objectives of study	5

1.4 Research Questions	5

1.5 Significance of the Study	5

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study	6

1.7 Limitations of the study	6

1.8 Definition of Terms	6

CHAPTER TWO:

2.1 Introduction	8

2.2 Conceptual Framework	8

2.3 Theoretical Review	27

2.4 Empirical Review	30

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Introduction	35

3.1 Research Method	35

3.2 Population of the study	35

3.3 Sample Size & Sample Technique	36

3.4 Instrument for Data Collection	36

3.5 Validity of the instrument	37

3.6 Administration of the Instrument	37

3.7 Method of Data Analysis	37

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis and Discussion of Findings

4.0 Introduction	38

4.1 Analysis of the respondents	38

4.2 Demographic Characteristic of Respondent	40

4.3 Analysis of Research Questions	48

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Summary	49

5.2 Conclusion	51

5.3 Recommendations	52

5.4 Recommendations for further Studies	52

5.5 Limitation of the study	53

References	54

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1	Background of the Study

Radio involves the process by which messages are sent through electrical waves. Through these waves, sound could be sent and received (Sambe, 2020). In other words, Idebi (2021) sees radio as the process of sending and receiving messages through the air, using electromagnetic waves. It is also about the activity of broadcasting programmes for people to listen to the programmes being broadcast.

Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 30 kHz to 300GHz (Douglas 1987). In 2017, radio still stands as the most widespread media according to UNESCO (World Radio Day, 2020). There are more than 2.4 billion radio receivers worldwide according to the Central Intelligence Agency (2019). Radio is considered as one of the most reachable mass medium with an estimated 75% of household having access to a radio in developing countries (UNESCO, 2012). The technique of radio diffusion has a long lasting existence. It was discovered in the late ninetieth century, after the works on wireless telegraphy performed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and Guisseppe Marconi, who became the first to experiment the transmission of signals over longue distances from 1896 (Jost, 2009). In 1906, the Canadian Reginald Fessenden realised what is considered to be the first radio program by recording speech and music (Jost, 2009). Radio then began to develop itself as a mass media during the interwar period.

However, radio as an essential mass medium that benefits member of the public, has radicalized the face of human communication and ultimately become a fixed point in the daily lives of humans whereby people are informed, taught, nurtured and reformed by way of relaxation, invigoration and resuscitation (Kuewumi, 2009). This he argued, makes radio as a medium of mass communication being constantly sought after by its ardent listeners.

Egbuchulam (2002) observed that radio is a mobilizer and a formidable factor in the new world order in economy, technology and politics. According to Onabajo (1999), in the developing world as in Asia and Africa, radio is cheap, it does not cost much compared to television which is expensive. It is also portable i.e. it can be easily transported from one place to another. It is credible as it transmits messages that its listeners hold important. Radio can also present news as it happens, brings the voices of news makers and artists into the homes of listeners. It also provides dramatic shows and other entertainment, which listeners can visualize even in the absence of visuals. For that reason, radio enjoys the advantage of simultaneity. It may require more effort of its consumers to comprehend its message. Yet, it is a good companion that entertains and informs its listeners.

According to Oliveira, Portela and Santos (2012), it is assumed that listeners make their own interpretations of a radio programme if the presentation includes something they can relate to or something they familiar with. Accompanying radio’s resilience in communications today is the massive growth of live streaming. Many traditional media outlets (including radio, TV and print outlets) now incorporate live video streams as part of their day-to-day content. However, as radio stations are facing more competition than ever before, while over-the-air broadcast stations still serve a wide audience, new technology has created new ways for people to hear the entertainment and information they formerly received on their radio. Services like streaming music platforms and satellite radio have added a new layer of alternatives for consumers.

Fortunately, technology also has something to offer traditional broadcasters to help them add a new dimension to their service. This helps owners of radio station reach new listeners and continue to retain their current listener base. Paul (2019) observed that one of the most exciting new opportunities is live streaming and in radio production, live streaming has now become almost inevitable because it presents the listeners with continuous programmes just like the traditional radio station. Listeners can stream audio over their internet-connected computer, tablet, Smartphone, or another smart device. Stations also add the dimension of video to allow people to get an inside look at the programming.

Research has found that half of all adults are now using their smart phones to stream audio. That is a massive untapped market of consumers who have already demonstrated a desire to listen. While people are enjoying audio-only broadcasts, the internet is also full of dynamic video content. By adding video to live stream, listeners become viewers that get an inside look at what happens behind the scenes on their favorite shows. They can also get to see their favorite hosts and in-studio guests (Yusuf, 2022)

Moreover, the utilization of radio by the audience who believes in its effective operation for a long time, until phone calls from listeners were introduced, the audience could only listen to the radio, without ever participating. Before the telephone, the only means of streaming and interacting with radio listeners was mail, too little to speak of audience participation. From its invention, until the introduction of live telephone calls, radio has always been a top–down, push medium, from the centre to the periphery, with no space for feedback. The telephone, and subsequently mobile phones, e–mail, Internet streaming, blogs and social media progressively reversed the communication flow, re–establishing a balance in favour of the public.

Contemporary radio has become a potentially participative tool. With live streaming sites we are facing a paradigmatic change in the relationship between radio and its audience listeners as they are fast becoming the real content of radio. McLuhan already understood the media utility when he claimed that “in electronic media user is content”. And this has never been more true than today.

However, the birth of radio station in Ilorin can be traced to the Kwara State broadcasting corporation, with broadcasting identification of radio started broadcasting service in 1956 as a relay station. It was then known as provincial broadcasting house. The one fourth kilo watt {Kw} medium wave transmitter which was then used covered only eight kilometer radius of Ilorin.

Kwara state Broadcasting Corporation as constitution today finally come into being with enactment of the Kwara edict no 3 of 1979, but with retrospective effect from April 10th, 1978, this was not of the beneficiary by product of the first state creation in Nigeria. On the creation of the state in 1967, a master plan was drawn up and approved for the country base on the number and capacity of transmitter and mode of transmission to be sited in each creation owning to the topography of Kwara state, it was decided that it should covered with both medium and shirt wave transmitter. In 1974, instruction work started in the modern studio/broadcasting house the 10kw short wave and 20kw medium wave transmitting station sites these facilities wave put in use is from 19th December, 1976 however, following the directive of the federal government the short wave transmitter was closed down in 1976.

On 1st April, 1978, in camphene with federal government is directive which transfers all radio Nigeria station on the state to their respective host states. The formal handing over of the station by the NBA to the Kwara state government was reframed by Mr. Horation Agedoti of radio corporation, Lagos in 5th September,1978, all the existing staff the wave given the option of either staying with corporation or going to Federal Radio Corporation. Those who opted to stay were retained.

At the time of takeout by the state government, the state had broadcasting house situated at the present premises and transmitting station. The two inherited ten kW transmitters were very old in fact only one of them was working satisfactorily at the time of over in 1978. In 1984, the federal government booted the transmitting capacity of radio Kwara through the directive that transferred the federal radio station in Ilorin to the Kwara state government. The station then had two {2} 50kw medium wave transmitted at Budoeko. With this development, the state government approved the recommendation at the corporation to install the four imported 10kw medium wave transmitter in the fringe area of the then Kwara state for effective coverage. Two of them were installed Egba.

One at Okike near Okene {both now in Kogi State} and the forth at koro in New Bussa {now in Nigeria skew}. All the three booked station were completed and commissioned. In spite of the giant strides, in 199 the transmitting stations at Bin Do Eko witnessed a senior set – back when the 840 feet tower mast was struck and destroyed by thunder storm. This problem became a senior challenge to cry tend with; bearing in mind that the transmitting station had then became an integral part of radio Kwara and a dependable ally on the performance of its statutory responsibility. Effort to resuscitate the station between 2000 and 2002 resulted in the provision of a new tower mast and a 50 Kw thomcast transmitter to restore normal transmission.

In spite of the effort by Alhaji Mohammed Lawal’s administration, the transmitter remained insufficient. However, the government of Dr. Bukola Saraki, in assumption of office in May 2003 renovated the station with award of contract for the provision of modern studio equipment and additional 50Kw Harris transmission totally over #300,000,000. This singular development has made “Radio Kwara” not just one of the few radio station with installed digital studies in Nigeria, but one of the first stations in Nigeria, to comply with the global directive in conversion from analog broadcast to digital broadcast. It is against this established background that the study examines the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government on the utility of live streaming in radio production.

1.2	Statement of the Problem

Today’s media landscape has become a mix of traditional media and new digital innovations. With the leaps in mobile technology and the change to ubiquity of live streaming, it is clear that the media is not going away and cannot be ignored. The question becomes how traditional media outlets such as radio stations choose which digital channels to incorporate into their own media mix to avoid being left behind in the race to reach their audience.

In order to survive, media must make productive use of its time, energy, and resources, as well as continue to grow its audience and outperform competitors. There are several obstacles when updating a traditional channel to reach an audience.

However, some radio broadcast media never make it past the early innovation stage and are therefore never fully adopted by the target audience when it comes to streaming online. And for the facts that most of the radio stations now rely on the adoption of live streaming before they can be satisfied that their messages have reach across, when most of these radio listeners have no access.

Despite the limited reach by the members of the public, all the radio stations are increasingly engaged in live streaming to reach a bigger audience. They have especially encouraged the use of mobile phones from across the country for streaming online and participating in radio discussions.

Thus, this is a new area in the broadcast environment in Nigeria and many radio stations are still struggling to adopt this type of technology. A review of literature shows very few studies have been undertaken to assess the level of adoption and the challenges faced by these listeners as the radio broadcast shift into this area.

In spites of this, the study focus to fill this gap by analyzing the level of adoption and challenges faced by the radio listeners on live streaming in radio production.

1.3	Objectives of the Study

1. To examine the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government on live streaming in radio production.

2. To examine the attitude of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government to live streaming innovation in radio production.

3. To know the extent to which radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government are exposed to live streaming in radio production.

4. To examine the challenges encountered by radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government in the course of adopting live streaming in radio production.

1.4	Research Questions

1. What is the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government on live streaming in radio production?

2. What are the attitudes of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government to live streaming innovation in radio production?

3. To what extent does radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government are exposed to live streaming in radio production?

4. What are the challenges encountered by radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government in the course of adopting live streaming in radio production?

1.5	Significance of the Study

It is expected that the study would be of immense benefit to the community in terms of effective utilization of radio for development through the involvement and contributions of the audiences. It will also help the broadcast media to shape their programming pattern and content in order to suit and appeal to the listening abilities of the audience. It will be significant to the government in terms of provision of information and training materials in this aspect. The researcher work intended to also expand the frontier knowledge and also to serve as reference guide for prospect researchers working on this topic or one peculiar to it.

1.6	Scope of the Study

This research work centered on the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government on the utility of live streaming in radio production. The scope was limited to only accessing radio listener’s perception on the utility of live streaming. Respondents would be drawn out from Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara state.

1.7	Operational Definition of Terms

Live Streaming: In the context of this study, live streaming implies streaming simultaneously recorded and broadcast in real-time over the internet. It referred to simply as streaming.

Media: As used in this study, media is the main ways that large number of people receives information and entertainment that is television, radio, newspaper and the internet.

Media Utility: As used in this research, media utility is the use of media to convey a messege, usually instructional to obtain a desired outcome.

Radio: In this study, radio is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is sometimes used with an antenna.

Perception: In the context of this research, perception is an idea, belief or an image you have as a result of how you see or understand something or ability to understand the true nature of something.

Radio Production: As operationalised in this study, radio production is responsible for the audio content of broadcasts delivered over the radio, the internet and other mobile platforms.

Listener: As use in this study, listener is someone who listens to a particular radio station or programme

Ilorin South LG: Ilorin South is a Local Government Area in Kwara State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ipata.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0	Introduction

Literature review seeks to examine in detail the available literature and studies that have already been conducted and which are directly related to the topic under study. Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) acknowledge that the purpose of literature review is to establish what has already been done with reference to the area the researcher is working on.

The researcher, in this case, reviews thoroughly what other scholars have done on the subject. Mutai (2000) states that “literature review helps to sharpen and define understanding of the existing knowledge in the problem area, provides a background for research project and makes a reader aware of the current status of the issue.

2.1	Concept of Radio and Its Origin

Radio is one of the most important inventions that effected and changed the social life substantially. Radio drew the attention of large masses in a short time due to both technical and social effects it created on the societies during the period it was invented. It resisted to all technological advancements since the day it entered into the social life as a new invention.

As a result of the introduction of smaller transistors, radio turned into a personal tool as it was no longer a large tool that can be placed only on a coffee table or dining table at homes. In the course of its history, the sphere of influence of the radio grew as the radio's size got smaller (Bay, 2007; 30)

The radio does not need expensive and large infrastructures like other tools, therefore it can be accessed and used by almost everyone. This convenience makes radio the most extensive and widely used tool among other mass communication tools. All you require for listening to the radio is being within the coverage area and having a simple receiver. Radio is not an addictive tool as it can be listened while doing other things (Ozturk, 2003; 482).

Radio was not invented by one person, it was created as a result of studies conducted by different scientists. On the path leading to the invention of the radio, the first studies were initiated by the well-known British physicist Michael Faraday and his student James Clark Maxwell continued with his studies. In the last period of the 19th century, German Physicist Heinrich Hertz improved the studies of Maxwell and electromagnetic waves were named after him. In the beginning of 1890s, French physicist Branly carried out some unsuccessful attempts to improve the studies of Maxwell and Herts. In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi- a student from Bologne University- succeeded in transmitting Morstelegram codes in the space through electromagnetic waves upon reviewing the studies of Herts and Branly and he laid the foundations of wireless telegram (Bay, 2007; 30) The first known radio program was broadcasted in 1906 on Christmas Eve.

Regular radio broadcasting was initiated in Pittsburgh on the 2nd November, 1920. It did not take long until this technology was introduced in Turkey. Radio broadcasting was initiated in Turkey in 1921-1922 for testing purposes.

Following the first radio broadcasting in Istanbul, the first regular program broadcasting started on the 6th May, 1927 however, the efforts of establishing the first radio station of Istanbul date back to 8 September 1926. Telegram and Telephone Law No. 406 was enacted in 1924 upon foundation of the Republic, the authority of radio broadcasting was given to the General Directorate of PTT and the right to broadcast radio programs for the General Directorate of PTT was given to Turkish Telsiz Telefon Anonim Sirketi for a period of 10 years.

Upon expiry of the aforementioned 10-year period, the agreement with TTTAS was not extended and the broadcasting activities were continued directly by the General Directorate of PTT (Cakır, 2010; 6). The development of radio broadcasting in the world can be addressed in five periods: Accordingly (Bay, 2007: 32-33):

1. The First Period until the year 1927: This period is also known as the amateur radios period. As the radio was a new invention, radio broadcasting activities were performed under amateur conditions.

2. The Second Period in 1927-1945: Investments were limited because a part of this period, also known as maturity period, corresponds to the Second World War. In this period, the contents of the radio programs were mostly used for the purpose of propaganda.

3. The Third Period in 1945-1960: It is known as the competition period. The radio that went through a revision process upon invention of television in order to compete with the television started losing its popularity during this period.

4. The Fourth Period in 1960-1990: The radio shrunk in size with the introduction of transistor radios that can even go into pockets and it found listeners from target groups other than the television viewers and went through an improvement process.

5. The Fifth Period after 1990: In this period, the radio showed presence out of the television's shadow and the number of thematic radio stations increased with the increase in private radio channels. Thus a different listener group emerged.

2.1.2	Characteristics of Radio Broadcasting

Radio broadcasts have certain characteristics and they address the listeners with the help of such characteristic aspects. The following are the characteristics of radio broadcasting (Aziz, 2013): 83-84):

Microphone is the main element of the radio broadcasting: In a radio station, audio signals are sent via microphone. Radio and microphone form an inseparable duo. Properties of the microphone vary based on the certain aspects of broadcasting. There are different types of microphones such as unidirectional, bidirectional, cardioid, omnidirectional or lip-ribbon microphone that are selected based on monaural, binaural or multi-aural broadcast or size of the room.

There are no visible objects in the radio broadcasts: Radio is considered like a blind tool. The broadcasts performed verbally and musically are based on the perception of the listeners, therefore the listeners show a reaction as a result of the effect created by the speech or music. Radio broadcasts do not provide any information on the physical appearance of the person talking to the microphone. In other words, there is nothing to see in a radio program. If the person addressing the listeners is unsuccessful, the radio station will also be unsuccessful.

Radio requires silence: The most remarkable aspect of radio stations is the prevailing silence. Sounds in the natural flow of life- sneezing, coughing, fast breathing, paper sounds, walking sounds, etc. - create higher effects in a radio studio. Therefore, silence is the rule of thumb and it is very important for the success of the broadcasts. The breaks between the programs are calculated at second’s level and effort is displayed to prevent such sounds during broadcasts.

Time is crucial in a radio: A radio is full of sound in every moment. Each second is taken into consideration in order to prevent the interference of other sounds with the broadcast sounds. Therefore, time is crucial for radio programmers. So there are so many clocks in the radio buildings. Program presenters always check the time.

Previously written texts are read in radio programs: In general, the speeches in a radio program are based on text. However this reading action should give listeners the feel of a speech. Therefore, the radio programmers read a text and adjust voice and accentuation to make listeners think they are talking to them or chatting with them. Effect is an auxiliary production element: Each sound broadcast from a radio station appeals to ears so effect elements are used to complement the main elements words and music. The time, place and ambience are described particularly in the dramatized programs by using various live or computerized effects in order to create the influence. For example, door opening effect relays the idea of opening a door in the radio.

The content is designed based on expectations: Listeners perceive and interpret the messages given in a radio program according to their own imagination. As the radio addresses listeners through the sense of hearing, the imagination of listeners is triggered more. According to Eryılmaz, radio has the following characteristics (Eryılmaz, 2005: 101-103):

Radio is popular because it is cheap: Radio is extremely cheap for both broadcasters and listeners. For the radio that is so cheap to compare with a television, magazine or newspaper when considered from the point of view of a broadcaster, the only challenge is to have a radio frequency. Likewise, owning a radio is very cheap for listeners. Transistor radios introduced in the beginning of the 1960s made it easier for everyone to have access to radio broadcasts.

Radio is fast: Neither television nor newspapers are in a position to compete with the radio in terms of relaying news and information. It is possible to know about an earthquake that happens in Japan within 10-15 minutes.

Radio is flexible: Radio does not face with challenges such as waiting for the printing hours or completing the montage. It is possible to listen to the radio whilst dealing with other things so it offers flexibility.

Radio knows no borders: Printed news resources struggle to go beyond territorial borders but radio makes intercontinental broadcasting possible.

Radio is simple: The main elements for a radio are people and a receiver. Therefore, light, decoration or camera is not needed. Even an unprofessional individual has a chance to make his/her voice heard all over the world.

Radio is about sound: Radio does not use images or texts like televisions and newspapers do. Radio uses only sounds. Radio does not put barriers to limit the imagination.

Radio is personal companion: Nothing goes between the radio programs and the listeners. It is possible to listen to radio broadcasts in any place and without having anybody around.

Radio educates: Radio served towards maintaining the transition or order during its early years particularly in the developing countries. The aforementioned role was performed through giving priority to its education function.

2.1.3	The Functions of Radio

In general, functions of the radio are classified in five groups as: "news"- "information", "education", "advertisement of good and services", "entertainment and persuasion" and "actuation".

Each radio station gives weight to one of the aforementioned functions based on the selected format. All radios have the aforementioned functions. Even the radios that broadcast only music have new bulletins for 1-2 minutes every hour.

The time spared for music broadcasting by radios giving weight to speaking cannot be underestimated. All of the aforementioned functions are aimed at affecting the behaviours of the listeners. Such efforts may be direct or indirect (Eryilmaz, 2005: 103).

News & Information Function of the Radio

"News" and "information" is not a function specific to the radio, it applies to all mass media channels. News is the reason of existence for the mass media. Method and technique of getting news underwent some developments and changes in parallel with the social development. Particularly rapid developments encountered in the communication technology carried methods used for getting news to the highest level in terms of both scope and speed. Radio technology provided the opportunity to make news heard instantly even in the remotest corners of the country thanks to the airwaves (Aziz, 2012:73).

As a news platform, radio is different from the newspapers and television. Naturally, text is essential for the newspapers. And image is important for televisions. Radio is the platform of sound. The sacred elements of the radio are sound. In other words, in a radio, it is required to express almost everything with sounds. Therefore, imagination gains importance as the radio is not visual. Efforts should be displayed to use the original sounds of the news in the news programs of the radio channels, thus the role of journalist or presenter should be minimized. Instead of journalists, radios should even use the voices of real persons who are actually in the news itself. Radio brings the victims of an incident and listeners together while giving the news (Duran, 2005: 125).

Freedom of obtaining information, one of the most fundamental rights of the today's societies, is protected by laws particularly in the countries with democratic order. The importance of radio's news function in the developing and underdeveloped countries is higher when compared with the other mass media. Low level of education in the underdeveloped countries means that the literacy rate is low.

Therefore, people use their sense of hearing in order to get information. Radio stations should fulfill their news and information function objectively (Aziz, 2012: 74).

Propaganda Function of the Radio

Propaganda is another function of the radio that can be considered within the scope the news function. Propaganda described as imposing an idea, attitude and behaviour to an individual, group or the entire society by using certain techniques and methods. It is something between news and education functions. Media, an important actor of the political communication, is used frequently by political powers for spreading and multiplying the effect of political messages. Particularly the radio has been used frequently. Radio maintained its dominance in propaganda until the start of television broadcasting.

Education Function of Radio

The purpose of education is to make individuals attain new forms of behaviours they never had before and make them stop with the unacceptable behaviours. There are two types of education- formal and informal. Informal education is provided within the family, as a result of apprentice-master relationship or within the friend groups. Formal education encompasses the systematic and planned activities carried out in schools.

As a mass media channel, radio can also be used for education (MEB, 2007; 8). The most important function of the radio is education function after the news function. Particularly in the developed countries, there are radios and televisions founded for the purpose of educational broadcasts. The education function is maintained extensively in countries such as USA, Canada and England. In general education function of the radio broadcasts are categorized in two groups- formal education- education at school and informal education- adult education / common education (Aziz, 2012; 75).

Radio's Function of Promoting Goods and Services

The function of promoting goods and services is particularly important for radio stations that were founded for commercial purposes. In consideration of the fact that private radios pursue the aim of generating profits, advertisement revenues represent the sole income source of private radios. This function forming a substantial part of advertising exists for the purpose of promoting goods and services and increasing the sales.

However, indirect promotions are made through indirect promotional statements used in the programs even in the stations that do not give place to advertising. For example, a hit song that will be performed in a concert is played and then an announcement is made saying "this song will be performed in the concert this evening" and an indirect advertisement of the concert is made (Aziz,2013: 94).

Entertainment Function of the Radio

Radio has an entertainment function that allows people to spend enjoyable time. This function offers entertainment service to individual in the cheapest way possible. In addition, it is important in terms of motivating towards cultural programs. Therefore, slogans have been generated such as "educating while entertaining" or "entertaining while education". People feel the need of entertainment in order to get away from the tiring and stressing rhythm of their busy daily life. Entertainment in big cities is an activity based on time and financial power, therefore mass media channels can satisfy this need of people.

Radio offers an opportunity to listen to the performance of many singers that can be seen under financially challenging conditions in the entertainment venues (MEB, 2007; 11). The rate of entertainment function varies for each radio station based on the management systems. Entertainment function must be attached higher importance in the private radio stations that generate income through advertisements. Programs give weight to entertainment-show programs attended by famous actors and performers thanks to the support provided by the sponsor companies (Aziz, 2013; 93).

2.1.4	Internet Radio as a Live Streaming

“Traditionally, audio programmes have been available via dedicated terrestrial networks broadcasting to radio receivers. Typically, they have operated on AM(Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) terrestrial platforms but, with the move to digital broadcasting, audio programmes are also available today via DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), DRM (Digital Radio Mondale)and IBOC (In-Band On-Channel).The changes in radio technologies impact dramatically on the radio medium itself - the way it is produced, delivered, consumed and paid-for. Internet radio (IR) is a relatively recent phenomenon. Nevertheless, during the past ten years or more, the Internet has become a very important distribution mechanism for audio and video streams and files. Audience statistics show that IR is increasingly popular, especially among young people and users in offices users.

2.1.5	The History of Internet Radio

The beginning of the era of radio is usually equaled to the advent of the FM standard due to the fact that the AM standard became quickly outdated owing to the poor sound quality and predictable programming. Radio was intended to have listeners experience high-quality sound and overall reliability of the technology. At first, the radio was focused on communicating a variety of talk-oriented formats to the listeners as the ultimate sound quality did not matter as much to the listeners as it does nowadays (Bessire & Fisher, 2012).

Even though FM receivers could not compete efficiently with the television in terms of the value of entertainment, a further decrease in price allowed the radio to expand its audience and improve the technology.

FM stations became the most popular on the verge of the 1940’s, when FM receivers could be found practically in every household. At that time, customers began thinking about getting sound of the highest quality while listening to different musical genres – from jazz and classical to blues and Latin-influenced rhythms.

Another development stage in the history of radio broadcasting started approximately around the 1960’s when the high-fidelity market became influenced by the growing population of counterculture. It was at that time when the AM radio was totally forgotten owing to the poor quality and excessive commercialization that distracted people from the main objectives of radio as a source of entertainment.

With the help of traditional radio, people started treating music as an important practice because it gradually transformed into a concept that went beyond mere money-making activities. It was at that time, during the 1960’s, when the consumer culture has been finally established and gave rise to the formation of audience tastes that would later contribute to the popularity of traditional radio even more (Bessire & Fisher, 2012).

At the same time, this became one of the central reasons why radio began stagnating and started slowly coming back to its commercialized roots. As the time went by, somewhere around the beginning of the 1990’s, the whole radio industry got exposed to the outcomes of an economic collapse and had a hard time getting back on the track.

The lack of resources and an economic decline seriously affected the traditional radio and it led to local marketing agreements that should have allowed the industry to create new programming hubs. At that time, economic recession gave rise to the Internet radio initiatives that later turned into streaming services and put the traditional radio to a serious test (Bessire & Fisher, 2012).

The level of consolidation helped large corporations to gain more control of the situation and re-format the stations so as to make them more audience-friendly while also minimizing the costs of maintaining them. It allowed radio stations to come up with a number of other formats and diversify the streams.

The main takeaways from the history of radio are the following:

• The Golden Age of traditional radio only lasted for two decades – from the 1930’s to the 1950’s – and gave the radio industry an incredible level of popularity that was later translated into other kinds of art such as drama, theater, movies, dance, music, and many more.

• As soon as the majority of non-music programming has left for the television, at least 40 major radio stations appeared and took over the world. At that time, there were only several playlists that included a limited number of hit songs that were played over and over again because of their huge commercial success.

• During the 1970’s, radio stations started utilizing the FM standard and switched to the free-from stations in order to gain more audience and provide the listeners with high-quality sound paired with less restrictions compared to the AM standard.

• With the passing of the Telecommunications Act in 1996, a lot of traditional radio stations became subsumed by commercial companies owing to the fact that Internet radio started developing rather quickly and there was a strict necessity to counteract and give the traditional radio market more profit and predictability.

2.1.6	The Need for Radio on the Internet (Webcasting)

Webcasting is simply the transmission of texts, graphics, audios and videos by streaming on the internet. Internet penetration worldwide is very close to the one billion users mark. Almost 70% of the American population has access to the Internet from home, and one-third (1/3) can access the Internet at work. Canada, South Korea, Japan and Germany follow at about 60% uptake. Nigeria, as at 15th September 2010, has only16% internet coverage and she is rated third in Africa. The use of the internet is growing at a tremendous rate.

According to Franc Kozamernik and Michael Mullane (2005), “In2005, the American media research company, Arbitron/Edison(www.arbitron.com), released the results of a major study on Internet and Multimedia in the USA. This study suggests that an estimated 55 million consumers use radio on the internet and video services each month. The study also identified the following reasons why people listen to Radio on the internet, as opposed to off-air radio (traditional/normal radio)”

To listen to audio not available elsewhere

To control/choose the music played

Fewer commercials

Greater variety of music

Clearer signal than over the air radio

Less Director of jax chatter

Because it is new

Internet radio listening appears to be concentrated among well-known Internet Radio brands such as;

AOL Radio Network onhttp://site.aol.com/products/radio.adp

Yahoo! Music onhttp://music.yahoo.com/

And Live365 onhttp://www.live365.com Listeners to these major Internet Radio brands account for roughly one in four (1/4) of the 20 million weekly Internet Listeners.

2.1.7	Technologies of Radio on Internet

STREAMING

Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using a loss audio codec. Streaming audio formats include, MP3, Windows Media Audio, Real Audio, and so on. Audio data is continuously transmitted serially("streamed") over the local network or internet in TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or UDP (User Datagram Protocol) packets, then it is reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of digital audio broadcasting.

Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end user while being delivered by a streaming provider. The name refers to the delivery method of the medium rather than the medium itself. Internet radio (also internet television) is a commonly streaming medium.“There are different standards for encoding and delivering audio files and streams online. Following the pioneering developments of Real Networks, Windows Media and QuickTime, it now seems that MPEG-4 (Moving Picture Expert Group) will dominate because it supports new types of media objects, such as 3D and it supports interactivity at the client and server side.

The streaming system architecture comprises four elements: capture and encoding, serving, distribution and delivery, and media player. Capture and encoding takes the source audio from the microphone and exports it into a compressed (encoded) computer file. These files are stored on a content server which controls the real-time delivery of the stream. The distribution channel (usually the Internet) connects the server to the player. The media player renders the media on the PC or another device (hand-held wireless devices, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) etc). Internet radio is now widely available via a variety of two-way communication networks; both wired and wireless – narrow-band (dial-up) at home and broadband connections in offices, and via WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) hot spots in airports, congress centres and other public places. Broadband access is obviously a big plus and some of the streams are so good and you can enjoy them over your home stereo system”, said Franc Kozamernik and Michael Mullane (2005).

WiMAX

WiMAX is a new IP-based communications technology based on the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 802.16 standard which will provide broadband wireless access to portable devices such as laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and Smartphone. WiMAX will complement fixed DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) networks by providing mobility and portability.

MULTICASTING

According to Franc Kozamernik and Michael Mullane (2005), Multicasting is a solution to serve a single stream to multiple users. The multicast-enabled network routers clone (replicate) the Internet datagram (packets) for each user requesting the stream. Therefore the same content is conveyed to a group of users. Multicasting cannot use automatic rate changing and is not suitable for on-demand services.

PEER TO PEER NETWORKS

Peer-to-Peer networks refer to computers that communicate directly with other computers without passing through intermediaries. It enables users to pool resources, such as processing power, storage capacity and bandwidth to overcome the problems of congested internet links and server crashes. Internet radio broadcasters are beginning to use Peer to Peer systems to distribute their content in what looks like developing into a win-win situation, with consumers obtaining a more reliable service and broadcasters benefiting from drastically reduced bandwidth fees. Since P2P networks have the potential to create distribution channels which are more efficient than traditional broadcasting.

According to FitzGerald J and Dennis A (2002:439), peer-to-peer network (a LAN-Local Area Network) is a network in which a micro computer serves as both a server and a user (client) and every PC has access to all network’s resources on equal basis (no master, no slave).

CLIENT-SERVER

The server or host computer stores data or software that can be accessed by the client (user), whereas, the client is the input-output hardware device at the user’s end of communication circuit. It provides users access to the network and the data and software on the server.

According to computer desktop encyclopedia (2001), a peer-to-peer network is a communication network that uses dedicated servers. In this context, the term is used to contrast it with a peer-to-peer network, which allows any client to also be a server.

SIMULATION

Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affair or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristic or behaviour of a selected physical or abstract system. In internet radio, a local tuner simulation program includes all the online radios that can also be heard in the air in the city. When the simulation program has captured all the radio stations that could be heard in a specific place, then it simulates the desired internet radio station(s).

PODCASTING

There are two ways to deliver audio over the internet: download (podcast) or streaming. In download, an audio file is store on the user’s computer. Compressed format like MP3 are the most popular form of audio download. Streaming audio is not stored but only played as a continuous broadcast that works through three software packages; the encoder, the server and the player. Any type of audio file can be delivered through a web or FTP (File Transfer Protocol) site.

A podcast (non-streamed webcast) is a series of digital media files (data, audio or video) that are released episodically through the web. Podcasting is a way to “subscribe” to radio programmes and have them delivered to your personal computer. Subscribers to Radio podcasts can automatically receive the latest edition of the programme in the form of a file. This file can then be easily transferred to a portable mp3 player. To do this, users need an Internet connection and a piece of podcast software from the internet (e.g.:www.podcastingnews.com. Also available are software for publishing podcast). Some of these software are free of charge. This software can check the radio station for content updates and automatically download them to the player as soon as they are available. As a general rule, programme files can be made available shortly after broadcast, but in some cases this may take hours or an hour.

THE ENCODER, THE SERVER AND THE PLAYER

The encoder converts audio content into a streaming format. That is, it samples the incoming audio and compresses the information so that it can be sent over the internet.

The compressed audio is sent to the server, which has a high bandwidth connected to the internet. It is the server that makes the compressed audio available over the internet by sending the streamed audio.

The player or plug-in on the listener’s computer, translates the streamed audio data from the server into sound heard by the listener. That is, it is the player that receives the content.

2.1.8	Internet Radio Devices for Live Streaming

They are also called network music player. They are hardware devices that autonomously receive and play music from a computer, Internet radio stations or online streaming services via the internet. The devices capable of receiving and playing back webcast from an internet radio station are also referred to as internet radio terminals. Audio compression technology is used by all network music players because compressed audios are;

Easy to store and carry around

Fast while transferring online compared to uncompressed format e.g. audio in CD (Compact Disk)

Easy to find and tagged

Easy to share with friends

Internet radio players (network music player) are also called internet radio terminals. These terminals can reproduce live streaming content. Before now, streams could only be played by a software application on a PC (Personal Computer).

Players can be used in three different ways: as a content portal, a stand-alone player or a plug-in to a web browser. In the latter case, the live streaming content may become an integral part of a synchronized rich media experience, combining text, graphics, audio and video using SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language).

A special category of internet radio terminal devices are the disguised computers which look like old radios but can connect to Internet Radio stations. An early example of this approach was Kerbango from which is no longer available in the market because the ‘Kerbango’ internet radio player was the first stand-alone product that user listened to internet radio without a computer. All internet radio devices must have an internet connection, example Wi-Fi network, in order to play radio broadcast via the internet. The functions button on any internet radio device only affects the present listener, listening with that particular IRD (Internet Radio Device) and not other listeners on the web or internet.

2.1.9	Portal for Radio Live Streaming

As earlier said, radio can be listened to via internet radio portal or an internet radio device. “There are numerous number of web radio sites that are customizable programming using their own player or a player already installed on the computer. Most of these sites feature dozens of different musical genres and some allows you to tune live broadcast from around the globe”, said Franc Kozamernik and Michael Mullane (2005).

“There are also Internet portals which help the user find a suitable IR station. Portals such aswww.radiolocator.com allow users to search for stations according to genre (or format), name, location (city, state or country), frequency (if the station is already on the air) or even the owner”, said Franc Kozamernik and Michael Mullane (2005). Often several thousand stations are available on such portals, example onhttp://www.shoutcast.com/radio-player; there are 45,599 free radio stations as at 2011.

These radio station’s lists (both FM and AM radio stations) can be made available over the Internet to mobile devices such as PDAs, and other hand held computers using suitable software. Some web browsers notably Internet Explorer (IE) 9 have inbuilt internet radio players for windows. These IR players for windows are downloadable from the internet (websites) likewww.shoutcast.com/radio-players. Despite these players have functions like stop, pause etc, they only affect the listener and not the content on the web.

2.1.10	The Place Of Audio Streaming

Audio streaming is one way of transmitting audio files on a continuous feed to a network music player or an internet radio device. A common way today is to stream the audio from the computer to a network music player over the more convenient wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi in a networked environment. The computer, which is typically used for storing the music file, acts as a music server by means of server software, often compliant to DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) standard.

The network music player is atypical receiver which starts playing an audio file as soon as some of the data has been received so that one doesn’t have to wait for the entire audio file to finish transmission. As companies notably Nullsoft and Microsoft released streaming audio players as free download, many wed-based (internet radio) radio station began springing up. Now we have about 45,369 free internet radio stations. From 24/6/2011to 5/7/2011 the free internet radio stations has increased from 45,369 to 45,599.It increased by 230 free internet radio stations.

2.1.11	Online Radio Audience Measurement

One of the outstanding features of online radio is that audiences can be measured with precision and accuracy, as every hit of the keyboard key or mouse is logged. Online radio audience measurement is any method used to determine the number of people listening to an Internet radio broadcast. This information is usually obtained from the broadcaster's audio streaming server. SHOUT cast is an example of audio streaming servers that can provide listener statistics for audience measurement. The software measures and takes the statistic of people listening to internet radio alongside the listeners' IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, the media player used, and the duration spent listening, and the computer's operating system.

Companies involve in audience measurement are Arbitron (a research company in the United States), Ando Media (a software company in U.S), and Touch Cast (a company based in Belgium, Europe). Touch Cast offered commercial downloadable stream analytics software called Caster Start, which allows any broadcaster to measure its internet audience from their streaming server data.

2.1.12	Requirement for the Creation of Online Radio

The following hardware and software are needed to create an internet radio station.

CD player

Ripper software (copies audio tracks from CD onto a computer’s hard drive)

Assorted recording and editing software

Microphones

Audio mixer

Outboard audio gear (equalizer, compressor etc)

Digital audio card

Dedicated computer with encoder software

Streaming media server

An internet connection

2.1.13	Advantages Of Radio Live Streaming

It is not limitless and can be heard all over the world.

It’s very clear. That is very clear listening

It promotes products and services in a large extent because of its world reach.

Internet radio helps a company to get its message across to a national audience.

It generates great revenue, and “as at 2003 and 2006, revenue generated was US$49 Million (N6.86 Billion)and US$500 Million(N 70 Billion)

2.1.14	Disadvantages of Radio Live Streaming

In areas of poor internet services, internet radio listening is difficult if not impossible.

It is likely to change the listening pattern of radio listeners, due to maybe connection problem or internet subscription fee/problem.

Internet radio devices are expensive as one could get one for US$50(N7000) or less.

Those on demand radio services may dramatically affect the pattern of listening and listening habit.

2.1.15	the Differences: Conventional Radio Vs Internet Radio

Conventional radio stations have always been perceived as something that people tended to grow up with. We are used to listening to it while cooking and eating breakfast and turning it off when everyone leaves the home for work. In a way, conventional radio broadcasting is giving us a feeling of nostalgy because radio stations were always the source of new and popular music. Traditional radio became so entrenched in the lives of people that even after the advent of television, we continued listening to radio stations. In a way, television slowed people down but traditional radio was always welcome in the morning because it merely allowed people to listen to the latest news without the necessity to see anything (Bathgate, 2012).

Traditional radio has always kept its listeners engaged in the process and long driving sessions were practically impossible without radio stations as they were seen as the main source of entertainment. For the majority of people, traditional radio became an important technology that significantly improved their lives. On the other hand, there is the Internet-based radio that only appeared and got fully developed throughout the 1990’s. It started making the best use of paid subscriptions and started including less advertisement placements in its streams. Internet radio removed the geographical boundaries and allowed us to listen to our favorite artists from practically any spot in the world whereas the traditional radio could not provide us with the same level of topographical coverage.

Compared to traditional radio, listeners became able to skip songs and only listen to those tracks that they liked. Internet radio stations gave us a possibility to create customizable playlists instead of merely listening to what the station had in store for us (Bessire & Fisher, 2012). Even though traditional radio has not changed even a bit ever since, it is still rather popular among a lot of people from all over the world. The inability to obtain a large playlist from one artist became the cornerstone of the rivalry between the conventional and Internet radio stations because the latter did not play only the famous songs while ignoring other artists and their gems. The main change that occurred in the radio business was that with the advent of the Internet radio, novice music creators started worrying way less about finding exposure on the radio stations that were labeled as traditional.

Nowadays, Internet radios give exposure to all artists, not only to the established ones. We do not have to listen to monotonous hits that become less pleasant when you listen to the same song at least 10 times per day. Another important transformation that the Internet radio stations brought to the business was a smaller number of ads and jingles that had to be played in order to help the station earn some money (Bathgate, 2012).

Therefore, listeners became able to evade long advertisements that they did not even want to hear in the first place when they turned their radio on. Internet radio stations allowed the listeners to focus on the music instead of paying attention to inconsequential advertisements.

Ultimately, the best change that came to the radio business with the advent of Internet radio stations was the power of choice that gave listeners the ability to listen to what they wanted to at that given moment. The level of customization predicted further growth of Internet-based radio stations and also created premises for an even more effective radio environment where the listeners can easily choose the playlists of interest without even paying attention to the general radio stream.

The question of abundant advertisements has also been solved as right now, the majority of Internet radio stations are either completely free (occasional donations are welcomed) or subscription-based. Traditional radio may have been around for quite some time but the situation is going to change because Internet radio gives us more possibilities and quality while being significantly cheaper from all perspectives.

2.1.16	Contributions of Internet to the Development Of Radio

The development of websites created by FM radio stations with online simulcasts, additional features and new listening practices call for further investigation of radio diffusion on internet. However, there appears to be a lack of studies on how existing radio stations, form the producer’s perspective, use their website and social media channels to produce content and communicate online.

Several articles provide overviews of the different forms of radio we can find today online, mentioning the digital transition of old radio stations but also the emergence of new services such as web radio, online streaming, and music platforms altogether as mentioned ealier. In this quite dense literature, these rather different modes of diffusion are often gathered indiscriminately under the umbrella term “radio 2.0”, designing the presence of radio on multiple digital platforms (Peñafiel Saiz, 2012; Filliol, 2013).

On the other hand, case studies analyzing the move of existing radio actors to the online environment and focusing on specific radio stations appears to be very scarce, audience oriented or outdated. Radio’s use of digital media is often analyzed from the perspective of the audience, eluding the question of content (Requejo Aleman and Herrera Damas; Portela; Moreno, delPilar Martínez-Costa and Amoedo in Gazi, Starkey and Jedrzejewski, 2012).

Number of researches for instance focus essentially on community radio stations online, discussing how internet may constitute a space for expressing an identity or accessing to citizenship in such groups (Ricaud; Day; Van den Bulck and Hermans in Gazi, Starkey and Jedrzejewski 2012). No studies actually describe with precision the online communication of a single radio station, nor analyse the particular logics that may underlie a radio station’s online material.

Concerning the Nigeria radio landscape in particular, there is a gap in the academic literature on traditional radio stations online and again there seems to be a lack of studies on the producer’s perspective. Gago on a chapter about radio and internet acknowledges that “there are few investigations on this subject [radio on internet], whereas studies whose topic articulate around internet are manifold” (Antoine et al., 2016: 128).

Filliol (2013) mentions the importance of websites offering additional features and of the visual dimension online for traditional radio stations, but his article is more of a general guideline to the attention of radio actors in the digital field than a thorough analysis of one producer’s activity. Schmidt (2012) provides an interesting analysis of a radio program of the French public station France Inter, but she concentrates mainly on listeners’ feedback and not on content production. Gago is finally one of the few authors who provides in depth analysis of traditional radio stations online from the producer’s perspective. He approaches radio stations diffusing online as a new media with its own particularities. Radio diffusion online, he argues, incorporates news devices and show technical, spatial and temporal specificities in term of listening practices. He views online diffusion as a complementary media to the wireless diffusion proposing an additional and different offer.

Claiming that binary comparison between FM and online diffusion are not necessarily relevant, he advocates for a thorough and specific analysis of radio’s online devices, focusing on content and usages (Gago, 2008). Furthermore, Gago conducted a study of OuïFm.com and Diora two radio station’s websites created in 2003, and realized an observation of radio’s representation online, examining the homepage, the architecture of the site, the hierarchy of information and features offered (Gago, 2004).

However, this study is now outdated for it focuses on old websites that showed rather limited features and didn’t have the extended functionalities we can find on websites today. A fortiori, there are no recent researches about French radio stations that include a serious description of the social media channels, which are massively used by radio stations to publish content and communicate with their audience online.

According to Bonini (2014), Social Networked Sites (SNS), such as Facebook, have become important platforms for radio’s actors, and have rendered visible online a public that used to be invisible. Especially in the case of public stations like FIP, Bonini estimates that “building and nurturing wealthy and productive networked publics for public service media could be an opportunity to legitimize their service as a real public one” (Bonini 2014).

He further believes that social media platforms used by radio stations should be studied as a prolongation of the station/audience relationship. In this regard, we need to consider aw well the social media channels used by the radio station when analysing radio’s digital content. The emergence of internet has questioned profoundly the self definition of radio and affected listening practices as we saw. But despite these massive changes we have to remind that traditional listening habits are still persistent and that behaviours concerning radio’s usages don’t change dramatically over short periods of time, as Kurkela and Uimonen rightly noticed (2012).

Traditional radio stations that enter the online environment represent a new and partially unexplored area of investigation, where several different, and sometimes competing, logics are at play. Describing this phenomenon, PeñafielSaiz estimates that “different radio models coexist with their differences and interrelationships among the general, thematic radio that is convergent with the internet.” (PeñafielSaiz in Gazi Starkey and Jedrzejewski, 2012: 63).

2.2	Theoretical Framework

A theory “is a set of ideas of systematic generalizations based on scientific observation (and) leading to further empirical observation” (Severin and Tankard 1982). This simply means that we can make predictions about the outcome of a certain event. Kerlinger (1973) gave a comprehensive and celebrated definition of theory. He says a theory is “a set of inter-related constructs, definitions and propositions that give a systematic view about phenomena”

In regards to the above clarifications, the following theories have been outlined to guide this study.

The Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Selective Perception Theory

2.2.1	Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Diffusion is a process by which a new idea (an innovation) is communicated (spread) through certain channels to the public or among the members of a social system. Diffusion of Innovation (D01) is a theory that therefore seeks to explain how, overtime, an idea, practice or discovery perceived as new spreads through a specific population or members of a social system.

This theory was propounded by Ryand and Gross in 1943. The theory has to deal with the importance of communicating new ideas to the developing of an effective output for any organization or country. The theorists stressed that the media have been very important in spreading new ideas or passing new innovations to the people, as this is paramount in the newly introduced information and communication technologies. People who apply innovation diffusion ideas to development planning usually adopt a two-step flow by combining mass media and interpersonal communication channels. Opinion leaders get their information from the mass media, and pass the contextualized messages down to their neighbors. This is the reason why new innovations and ideas are of great essence.

Diffusion studies are concerned with messages that convey new ideas, the process by which those ideas are conveyed and received, and the extent to which those ideas are adopted or rejected. Innovation on the other hand refers to new ideas, inventions, technology, practices or attitudes that are to be diffused (spread) to members of a social system.

The end result of this diffusion is that people as part of a social system adopt a new idea, behaviour or product. Adoption means that a person does something differently than what they had previously. The key to adoption is that the person must perceive the idea as new or innovative. It is through this that diffusion is possible.

2.2.2	Selective Perception

Burgoon and Ruffner (1978), state that perception is the process of making sense out of experience. To Corner and Hawthorn (1980) perception refers to how the individual makes sense of his or her world.

Berelson and Steiner (1964) define perception as the complex process by which people select, organise, and interpret sensory stimulation into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world.

Perception depends on a complex of variables such as psychological disposition, past experiences, cultural expectations and social relationships. All these in conjunction with language constraints and the “limited experience factor” result in the selective perception process, which takes place in a ‘stop gate’ fashion with selective exposure, selective attention and selective retention. In other words, you have to be exposed to a message before you can attend to it, you have to pay attention before you can perceive the message, and you have to perceive it before you can retain it for later recall.

However, selectivity perception explains the individual processing of the media messages subsequent to attention and exposure. It is the state of cognitive organisation of information, cognitive interpretation, comprehension and assignment of meaning. The individual here, sorts the barrage of messages to select, what to assign importance to and adduce relevant meaning to amongst the explosion of information attended to. Perception mechanisms also preclude interpretation of information from the media to fit one’s predisposition.

Thus, information from the media is interpreted differently along individual’s experience and personality. This buttressed the assertion that “meanings reside in people not in words". And this accounts for the reason why no two human individuals give exactly the same meaning to the same information.

Hence, information that is inconsistent with one’s predisposition may be distorted to lit into one’s cognitive system and same inconsistent information may be accommodated to alter or provoke change of opinion.

The selective perception which enable individual to have different perceptions and reason for selecting a particular medium and the pattern and means by which they make use of the messages that are of interest to them through the medium.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0	Introduction

Data constitutes a very important component of any research work. The chapter will outlines the research design and methodology the researcher will employ to understand the perception of listeners in Ilorin South Local Government on the use of live streaming in radio production. The chapter however will discusses the procedure and the way in which data was generated for the study.

3.1	Research Method

The research method that will be adopt for this study is the survey research method. As the name implies survey is a research method, which focuses on a representative sample from the entire population of the study. It specifies how such data will be collected and analyzed.

According to Ijaiya, (2000) cited by Oloyede & Adejare, (2014) survey research is a study which involved an investigation on entire population of drawn from populations and assuming that these samples are truth representative of the entire population.

This method will be chosen for data collection, because it will enables the researcher to solicit for information that might not be available on the pages of the text book and also to bring successful completion of the study.

3.3	Population of Study

Population refers to animate or inanimate things which the study is focused. It could be class, libraries, town, local government areas, states, nation or persons the researcher is interested in getting information from the study (Okoro, 2001).

The population of this study will comprises the residents of Ilorin South Local Government of Kwara State which was estimated to be 298,500 people as stated by the National Population Commission (2022). However, these categories of people are considered to be literate to give adequate response and required information on the topic undertaking.

3.4	Sample Size

A sample is a small part of subset of a population which is selected in line with well define probability law. In the course of this study the Saunders, Lewis and Thorn Hills model (2009) will be used to determine the sampling size. The Saunders, Lewis and Thorn hills model is a business research model propounded by three research scholars namely Mark Saunders, Adrian Thorn hill and Phillip Lewis the formula to be used is shown below:

Na – n ×100

-------------------

Re%

Where na is the actual sample size required, n is the minimum or adjusted minimum sample size, while re% is the estimated response rate expressed as a percentage.

na: 282,500

n: 160

r: 90%

Substitute numbers in formula

Na = 160×100

----------------------

90 = 177.7 (Approximately 178)

178 = The sample size

3.5 Sampling Technique

In this study, the researcher will employ purposive sampling and simple random sampling method for the selection of the respondents. Purposive sampling refers to intentionally chosen sample according to the needs of the study.

On the other hand, simple random sampling allows each element of the population of being included in the desired sample.

This method will be in selecting one hundred and seventy eight (150) residents in Ilorin South Local Government because it allows the researcher to choose base on accessibility, readiness of respondents and availability.

. Nworgu (2006) stated that sample is that part or portion of the population that is studied from the entire population. The sampling technique adopted for this research work is the simple random sampling technique. In this technique each member of the population has an equal chance of been selected.

3.6	Sources of Data

There are two sources available for the collection of data required for this project work. They are the primary and secondary sources. In an effort to achieve a better meaningful result, the researcher employed both sources of data collection. By primary source, this involves the original data on firsthand information specifically collected for this research work and this includes the questionnaire administration. By secondary source, the researcher consulted materials that were already in existence and these includes journals, textbooks, newspaper, magazines etc.

3.7	Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument for data collection that will be used by the researcher is questionnaire. Questionnaires are used when factual information is needed. It is a close-ended structured question containing a simple response from the respondents with a yes/no option to be chose by the respondents.

This form of research plan was choosing in order to ease the work of the research in the area of classifying and analyzing the various responses from the respondents in Ilorin South Local Government. The total copies of questionnaires administered were collected afterwards.

3.8	Validity of Instrument

Also in testing the validity of instrument, the research project was made valid by thorough scrutiny and supervision by the supervisor and was sub-sequently certified.

3.9	Administration of The Instrument

Uzoagulu (1998) states that a questionnaire is a carefully designed instrument for collecting data in accordance with specification of the research question. Copies of the questionnaire will be distributed by hand to the various residents of and their views will be critically and objectively analyzed sequel to the collection and careful study of the questionnaire. 150 copies of questionnaire will be administered and all will be collected personally by the researcher.

3.10	Method of Data Analysis

The method of data analysis used in this project work was analyzed using simple tables, frequency and percentage scores in analyzing responses of the respondents according to the questionnaire.

The data was grouped into two sections. The section A, involves the demographic details of the respondents while the section B, involves the questionnaire proper.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0	INTRODUCTION

This study reviewed the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin south local government on the utility of live streaming in radio production. The research examined one hundred and seventy eight respondents which formed the sample size.

The analysis is based on one hundred and seventy five (175) questionnaires which were retrieved from the field out of the 178 questionnaire that was distributed. However, The questionnaire was divided into two sections. The first section covers the demographics of the respondents while the second area has to do with psychographic data in order to answer the research questions.

SECTION A: ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONDENTS’ BIO-DATA

Table 1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Male	90	51%
Female	85	49%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field survey 2025

From the one hundred and seventy five respondents that formed the sample size of this study, Table 1 shows that 90 respondents representing (51%) were male while 85 respondents representing (49%) were female. Therefore, male respondents dominate the distribution of respondents by sex column.

Table 2: Distribution showing respondents age range

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Below 25	18	10%
26-35	60	34%
36-45	71	41%
46 and above	26	15%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows the age distribution of the respondents, where 10% of the respondent are below twenty-five years old, 34% of the respondents are between twenty-six to thirty-five years old. While 41% of the respondents are between thirty six to forty-five years old and 15% of the respondents are between 46 and above. This finding shows that majority of the respondents are adults between the ages of 36-45,

Table 3: Marital status of respondents

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Single	66	38%
Married	106	61%
Divorced	3	1%
Widowed	0	0%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above indicates the marital status of the respondents. Here 106 respondents representing 61% are married, 38% are single while 1% are divorced. This indicates that majority of the respondents are married. This is because the married respondents are within the most populated age bracket.

Table 4: Religion of the Respondents

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Christianity	71	41%
Islam	104	59%
Others	…….	……
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

Table 4 above shows that 104 respondents representing 59% are Muslim, and 41% of the respondents are Christian while no response for others.

Table 5: Educational qualification of respondents

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
SSCE/GCE	56	32%
NC/ND	41	24%
BA/BSC,HND	67	38%
M.SC and above	11	6%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

From the table above, 67 respondents representing (38%) are BA/BSC/HND graduates and 56 respondents representing (32%) were SSCE/GCE holders. Also 41 respondents representing (24%) are NCE/ND holders while (6%) of the respondents bagged M.SC and above. Therefore, most of the respondents were BA/BSC/HND graduates.

SECTION B

ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Table 6: Responses of respondents on their access to radio

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Yes	175	100%
No	0	0%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows view of respondents on their accessibility to radio, 175 respondents representing 100% agreed that they do listen to radio while 0 of 0% against the accessibility.

Table 7: Response on how often the respondents listen to radio

Variable	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Always	103	59%
Occasionally	64	37%
Rarely	8	4%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows that 103 respondents representing (59%) always listen to radio while 64 respondents of (37%) chose occasionally and then, 8 respondents representing (4%) rarely listen to radio. This study shows that larger percentage of the respondents always listen to radio

Table 8: Responses of the respondents on their favourite radio station

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Harmony Fm	21	12%
Diamond Fm	41	23%
AlbarkaFm	33	19%
Royal Fm	23	13%
Midland Fm	21	12%
SobiFm	24	15%
GarinFm	4	2%
O’Fm	8	4%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table shows that 41 respondents representing (23%) claimed that Diamond Fm is their favourite radio station and (19%) of the respondent said AlbarkaFm is their favourite, (15%) of the respondents also picked SobiFm and 21 respondents representing (12%) chose Midland Fm and Harmony Fm respectively as their best station while 8 respondents representing (4%) picked O’ Fm and 4 respondents representing (2%) chose GarinFm as their favourite.

From the above table, it is obvious that Diamond Fm is one of the major radio stations that people in Ilorin South Local Government listen to very well.

Table 9: Responses of respondents on their exposure to live streaming in radio production

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Yes	175	100%
No	0	0
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

From the table above, 175 respondents representing (100%) are exposed to the live streaming in radio production. This shows that all the respondents knows about live streaming in radio production.

Table 10: Response on how respondents’ favourite radio station utilizedlive streaming in radio production

Variable	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Rarely	5	3%
Occasionally	66	38%
Frequently	104	59%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The above table reveals that (59%) of the respondents says their favourite radio station frequently utilized live streaming in radio production and 66 respondents representing (38%) claimed that the radio station they listen to, do occasionally utilized live streaming while 5 respondents representing (3%) says their station rarely use live streaming. From this table, it shows that most radio stations in Ilorin frequently utilized live streaming to reach their audience and carried out their responsibilities to the society.

Table 11: Response on whether respondents depend on live streaming before they listen to radio station

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Definitely	33	19%
Can’t say	16	9%
Not really	126	72%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

From the table above, 126 respondents representing (72%) said, not really that the actually dependon live streaming before they can listen to radio and 33 respondents representing (19%) said, definitely they depend on live streaming while (9%) of the respondent can’t say whether or not they depend on the live streaming.

Table 12: Respondents general perception on radio live streaming with regards to radio stations in Ilorin and Kwara State

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
It’s a perfect way to reach good number of audience	79	45%
Radio live streaming is not necessary before you satisfy your interests with radio production	56	33%
Every radio stations need to adapts with the new development for adequate responsibilities	35	20%
Radio stations usually restrict their comments section to only people who have access to live streaming.	5	2%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows that 79 respondents of (45%) perceived radio live streaming as the perfect way to reach good number of audience and 56 respondents representing (33%) said radio live streaming is not necessary before you satisfy your interests with radio production. Also, (20%) of the respondents claimed that every radio stations need to adapts with the new development for adequate responsibilities while 5 respondents representing (2%) perceived that radio stations usually restrict their comments section to only people who have access to live streaming.

This shows that most of the respondents perceived radio live streaming as the perfect way to reach good number of the audience.

Table 13: Response on whether live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Strongly agree	108	62%
Agree	59	33%
No Opinion	5	3%
Strongly disagree	0	0%
Disagree	3	2%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows that 108 respondents representing (62%) strongly agreed that live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production and (33%) of the respondents agree that live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production while 5 respondents representing (3%) says they have no opinion of and (2%) of the respondents disagree with the submission.

This actually shows that most of the respondents believe and agree that live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production.

Table 14: Response on whether with the introduction of live streaming in different radio stations, exposure to radio programme has been made easier than traditional access.

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Strongly agree	43	24%
Agree	31	18%
No Opinion	14	8%
Strongly disagree	52	30%
Disagree	35	20%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

From the table above 52 respondents representing (30%) strongly disagreed that exposure to radio programme through live streaming has been made easier than through the normal traditional means and43 respondents representing (24%) strongly agree to the opinion that exposure to radio programme through live streaming has been made easier than through the traditional means. Also (20%) of the respondents disagree to this opinion and 31 respondents of (18%) agree while 14 respondents representing (8%) have no opinion.

Table 15: Response on thelevel of respondent exposure to radio live streaming in general within the context of radio stations in Ilorin and Kwara State

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Very high	42	24%
High	55	32%
Moderate	46	26%
Low	32	18%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

From the table above, 55 respondents representing (32%) says their level of exposure to radio live streaming is high and 46 respondents of (26%) says their level of exposure to radio live streaming is moderate and 42 respondents representing (24%) claimed that their level of exposure is very high while 32 respondents representing (18%) says their level of exposure is low. This depicts that most respondent’s level of exposure to radio live streaming is high.

Table 16: Response on whether the usage of live streaming in radio production is important to the dissemination of news and information

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Very useful	73	42%
Useful	89	51%
Not useful	13	7%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

From the table above, 89 respondents representing (51%) said, the usage of live streaming in radio production is useful to the dissemination of news and information while 73 respondents representing (42%) observed thatlive streaming in radio production is very useful to the dissemination of news and information and (7%) of the respondent claimed that it is not useful.

Table 17: Response on whether apart from news and information dissemination in radio production, live streaming has been able to increase the other functions of radio like entertaining, enlightening and creating awareness

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Strongly agree	109	62%
Agree	58	34%
No Opinion	0	0%
Strongly disagree	4	2%
Disagree	4	2%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The above table shows that, 109 respondents representing (62%) strongly agree to the fact that apart from news and information dissemination in radio production, live streaming has been able to increase the other functions of radio like entertaining, enlightening and creating awareness while 58 respondents of (34%) agree and 4 respondents representing (2%) strongly disagree while 4 respondent of (2%) picked disagree and none of the respondents picked no opinion.

This table shows that most of the respondents believe and agree that apart from news and information dissemination in radio production, live streaming has been able to increase the other functions of radio like entertaining, enlightening and creating awareness.

Table 18: Response of the respondents on whether they encounter any challenges while using live streaming in radio production

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Definitely	41	23%
Can’t say	56	32%
Not really	78	45%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows that 78 respondents of (45%) claimed that they don’t really encounter challenges while using live streaming in radio production while 56 respondents representing (32%) said they can’t say whether they use to encounter challenges while using live streaming and 41 respondents of (23%) claimed that, definitely they use to encounter challenges while using live streaming in radio production.

TABLE 19: Response on the challenges encounter while using radio live streaming

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Tight schedule	37	21%
Electricity	25	14%
Dubious internet quality	7	4%
Too costly	21	12%
irrelevant of contents	0	0%
None of the above	85	49%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows the challenges encounter while using live streaming, 85 respondents representing (49%) said none of the listed challenges were encounter in the process of using live radio live streaming. Also 37 respondents representing (21%) said, tight schedule has been a challenge for using live streaming and 25 respondents representing (14%) claimed that electricity has been the challenges of using radio live streaming while 21 respondents of (12%) says the usage is too costly and 7 respondents of (4%) says the challenge here is the dubious internet quality and none of the respondents picked irrelevant of contents.

Table 20: Response on how the respondents feel about radio live streaming

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
I enjoy it to the extreme	22	13%
I am enthusiastic to listen to radio live streaming	31	18%
It has always been a good experience	17	10%
It is the best that can happen to radio system and production	14	8%
Options 1 to 4 above	83	47%
It makes no difference to the usual traditional radio programming	8	4%
Total	175	100%
Source: Field Survey 2025

The table above shows how the respondents feel about radio live streaming, 83 respondents representing (47%) says that they enjoying live streaming to an extreme, they were enthusiastic to listen to radio live streaming, they sees it as the best that can happen to radio system and production and it has always been a good experience. Also, 31 respondents representing (18%) claimed that they were only enthusiastic to listen to radio live streaming and (13%) of the respondents said they only enjoy it to the extreme while (10%) of the respondents notes that it has always been a good experience for them. The table also reveals that 14 respondents representing (8%) said It is the best that can happen to radio system and production while 8 respondents of (4%) said it only makes no difference to the usual traditional radio programming.

4.3	ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTION BASED ON FINDINGS

The research work examines the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin south local government on the utility of live streaming in radio production, the focus of the study is to know the people perception on the usage of live streaming in radio production.

Research Question One: What is the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government on live streaming in radio production?

The finding of the research work through administered questionnaire revealed in table 12and 13. The table 12 shows that 79 respondents of (45%) perceived radio live streaming as the perfect way to reach good number of audience and 56 respondents representing (33%) said radio live streaming is not necessary before you satisfy your interests with radio production. Also, (20%) of the respondents claimed that every radio stations need to adapts with the new development for adequate responsibilities while 5 respondents representing (2%) perceived that radio stations usually restrict their comments section to only people who have access to live streaming. From the findings above, it can be deduced that majority of the respondents perceived radio live streaming as the perfect way to reach good number of the audience.

The table 13 also reveals that 108 respondents representing (62%) strongly agreed to the fact that live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production. This actually shows that most of the respondents from the findings believe and agree that live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production.

Research Question Two: What are the attitudes of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government to live streaming innovation in radio production?

As regard to the research question, table 16 and 20 explains the attitudes of listeners to live streaming innovation. It can be deduced from the findings of table 16 that 89 respondents representing (51%) of the majority of the sample size are inconformity with the assertion that live streaming in radio production is useful to the dissemination of news and information. Also from the findings in the table 20, 83 respondents representing (47%) of the highest number from the sample size says that they enjoying live streaming to an extreme, they were enthusiastic to listen to radio live streaming, they sees it as the best that can happen to radio system and production and it has always been a good experience. This simplifies that they were attitudinally feel good about the usage of live streaming in radio production.

Research Question Three: To what extent does radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government are exposed to live streaming in radio production?

Table 15 explains research question three (3), from table 15 it shows that 55 respondents representing (32%) claimed that their level of exposure to radio live streaming is high. From the analyzed data is shows that majority of the respondents are mostly exposed to live streaming.

Research Question Four: What are the challenges encountered by radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government in the course of adopting live streaming in radio production?

Through the responses from the respondents in the question, table 18 and 19 shows the challenges in which the radio listeners encountered while using live streaming. From the table 18 78 respondents representing (45%) of most of the respondents claimed that they don’t really encounter challenges while using live streaming in radio production. Also from table 19, 85 respondents representing (49%) of the majority said none of the listed challenges were encounter in the process of using live radio live streaming. From the above data analysis, it is clear that the highest numbers of the people who are using radio live streaming are not really encounter any challenges while using it.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0	INTRODUCTION

This final chapter in the research project includes the summary, conclusion and recommendations or suggestions of the researcher.

SUMMARY

This study was carried out with a view to examine the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin south local government on the utility of live streaming in radio production. The chapter one of the study focused at the background of the study, the statement of problem, the objective of the study, which sought to find out the perception of radio listeners on live streaming in radio production, the attitude of radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government to live streaming innovation in radio production and with the extent to which radio listeners in Ilorin South Local Government are exposed to live streaming in radio production as well as to examine the challenges encountered by radio listeners in the course of adopting live streaming in radio production. The scope and significance of the study was also pay attention to in the chapter one and as well the operational definition of terms used in the study.

Chapter two looked at the relevant literature and theoretical frameworks that supports the study. This chapter was used in view of performing an in depth examination of all concepts that was used during the course of the research, historical backgrounds were stated and two theories of mass communication were used in explaining the theoretical framework of the work.

Chapter three is on the research methodology used for the study, part of the sub headings in the methodology include; Research design, Research population, Research Instrument, Sample size and Sampling technique, Data gathering procedure, Source of data, Validity and reliability of data. Questionnaires were adopted as a research instrument through simple random sampling and purposive sampling.

Chapter four covers the data analysis and interpretation of results. The research administered One hundred and seventy eight questionnaires and the data of the questionnaires which were filled and returned were later collated and analyzed.

Chapter five which is the final part of this thesis contains the summary, conclusion and recommendations. After analyzing the collated data, the researcher then summarized all information gotten and also gave recommendations on some of the pressing issues.

CONCLUSION

This study assessed the perception of radio listeners in Ilorin south local government on the utility of live streaming in radio production and concluded as follows:

This research found out that majority of the respondents were fully exposed to the usage of live streaming in radio production as it play a pivotal role in the process of carrying out the radio station activities and aids most of the stations to attain the high standard of their set goals.

The respondents also agree that live streaming innovation is a means of enhancing the effectiveness of radio production. It could be deduces from this study that with the introduction of live streaming in different radio stations, exposure to radio programme can be made easier and with the advent of the new technology, radio production has gone beyond just reporting news and feeling good about it, it has become an integral part of the development because individuals relayed through radio live streaming and it has actually been a perfect way to reach scattered and diverse audience for the radio station.

Another point to be considered from the data collected is that people feel to enjoy radio live streaming to an extreme extent, they feel more enthusiastic while listen to radio live streaming, they sees it as the best that can happen to radio system and production and it has always been a good experience for them.

However, the result of the study also reveals that respondents believe and agree that apart from news and information dissemination in radio production, live streaming has been able to increase the other functions of radio like entertaining, enlightening and creating awareness because with the introduction of live streaming, people were able to satisfy their interest through perfect engagements with the radio programme on different activities.

Moreover, it has also been concluded from the findings of the study that there is no really any attached challenges to the use of radio live streaming which implies that people can easily and conveniently assess radio live streaming without encounter any challenges.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Base on the findings of this study, the followings were recommended:

Radio producers that are yet to adopt live stream should embrace it as it provide ground for limitless audience participation.

Radio audience should seize the opportunity to participate actively in contemporary issues to bring about development.

Telecommunication industries should continue to make internet accessible and affordable for all and sundry to be able to enjoy such opportunities.

Finally, streamers should avoid trolling that can jeopardize the essence of radio products

5.4	RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

For the purpose of further study, the following the recommendations are important:

The prospective researcher working on a similar topic is enjoined to use a wider populations that will give room for a large sample, this have been identified as one of the limitations of this study as the available time in carried out this research is relatively short.

It is also recommended that researcher working on a related topic, should be given its radio product demand in terms of time, money, materials, e.t.c. should be more conscious of these requirements and set out for the study as early as possible.

5.5	LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The researcher has several limitations due to time, resources and cost constraints. First of all, the study is restricted to some major strategic locations in Ilorin only whereby people in different parts of the country also have their views about the utility of live streaming in radio production. Some of whom their opinion might out rightly oppose this findings. The study should have been conducted in a larger scope to obtain more accurate and complete result for this study if not for financial and time limitation.

Secondly, even though the respondents provided answers to the questionnaire, and the researcher easily collated and interpreted the data collected, but the researcher may not be able to capture more in-depth thoughts, comments, opinions and information from respondents which might be useful for the research due to the fact that only one instruments were used for the collecting of information and the instruments were highly structured.

Although, there were several limitations being encountered in the research, these limitations do not significantly influence the finding. This research would serve as a platform for future research in order to gain better result.

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2025-07-18

abdulrauf ilyas