IMPACT OF RADIO JINGLES AGAINST VIOLENCE DURING AN ELECTION IN KWARA STATE

By;

BABATUNDE, Abiodun Sunday
HND/23/MAC/FT/0064

BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (IICT), KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN MASS COMMUNICATION, KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN.

JUNE, 2025
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mass Communication, Institution of Information and Communication Technology (IICT), Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. 

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MR. YISA IDRIS O.							DATE
(Project Supervisor)

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MR. OLUFADI B.A							DATE
(Project Coordinator)

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MR. OLOHUNGBEBE F.T						DATE
(Head of Department)

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External Supervisor								DATE

DEDICATION
This research is dedicate to Almighty God, the "I AM THAT I AM" the source of my inspiration, whose river us full of water through the beginning and to the end of the course of this programme. I say THANK YOU JESUS
Parents are too precious to be neglected, my precious parents in person of MR&MRS BABATUNDE for their precious effort and support throughout the completion of my Higher National Program, thank you for your advice, prayers and financial support on me all through.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My gratitude and glory goes to Almighty GOD for the privilege bestowed on me that resulted in the accomplishment of this project work and also a big thanks to the management of Kwara state polytechnic for the privileges, opportunity given to me to study in their great institution.
My sincere gratitude goes to my Head of Department (HOD) MR OLOHUNGBEBE F. T and my amiable supervisor MR. YISA IDRIS OLORUNTOYIN. Whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all time fabrication process and in writing this project. I also sincerely thank him for the time spent proofreading and correcting many mistakes being made in the project and also being my backbone right from the beginning of this project and for all his support academically, morally, I really appreciate you sir. I am also grateful to all my lecturers for their assistance, encouragement and supervision throughout this project, God will continue to guide you all and heaven will reward you all abundantly.
My acknowledgement also goes to my ever loving parents MR. & MRS. BABATUNDE whom through them I came to the world, for their unending love and support for providing all my needs financially and morally for their patience and understanding during my tiring days,for their unfading advice and for being there for me no matter the challenges that comes my way. Thank you.
The completion of this project couldn't have been accomplished without the support of my lovable, caring, most wonderful, generous and beloved uncle in person of PASTOR JOSEPH O. BABATUNDE. I pray that the most high God continue to abide, uphold, guide, direct and bless you the more, may the lord of host reward you greatly in this planet and heaven.
Finally, apology to some people that I can't mention their name but in one way or the other is of help to me in various ways in having a good training.

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE 
CERTIFICATION 
DEDICATION 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
TABLE OF CONTENT 
ABSTRACT	 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0	Introduction 
1.1 	Background to the study 
1.2 	Statement of the problem   
1.3 	Objectives of the study 
1.4 	Research questions 
1.5	Significance of the study 
1.6 	Scope of the study 
1.7 	Definitions of terms 
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 	Literature Review 
2.1	Theoretical framework 
2.2 	Conceptual framework 
2.3 	Research Study Review 
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 	Research methodology 
3.1 	Research design 
3.2 	Population of the study 
3.3 	Sample size and sampling Technique 
3.4 	Research Instrument 
3.5	Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 
3.6	Method of Administration of the Instrument 
3.7 	Method of Data Analysis 
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0	Data Presentation and Analysis 
4.1 	Data presentation and Analysis of Respondents Demographic  
4.2 	Analysis of Research Questions 
4.3 	Discussion of findings 
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 	Summary, conclusion and recommendation 
5.1 	Summary 
5.3 	Conclusion 
5.4 	Recommendation 
  	References 

ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of radio jingles as a tool for curbing electoral violence in Kwara State. It highlights how strategic radio messaging has been employed to promote peace, voter education, and non-violent participation during elections. Through the analysis of audience responses and campaign effectiveness, the research reveals that radio jingles significantly influenced public awareness and attitudes, contributing to a reduction in violent incidents and fostering a more peaceful electoral environment. The findings underscore the importance of media in conflict prevention and recommend increased investment in radio-based advocacy during election periods.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0	 INTRODUCTION
1.1 	BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
	The issue of violence during election has become rampant and uncontrollable in the society, during election particularly in Kwara state. Emphasis is being laid on role of radio Jingle against violence during election in general election, on how to control any mischievous act and for people not to end anger their lives. Using radio Jingle is the best in passing information to the people who can afford to buy radio or those living in the rural areas.
	Radio transmission came into Nigeria during the colonial administration and it has since gained prominence among the citizens. Generally radio performs the function of informing, educating and entertaining its audience, radio serve as the channel through which social and cultural heritage of the people are transmitted.
	Radio has helped to inform the people concerning election and how to control violence in coming election, also to educate the people in the society on free and fair election without any controversy between voters and any opposition party in election. Radio Jingles facilitate widespread dissemination of electoral education and conflict prevention messages. Such dissemination could involve article in the printed press, television and social media in general election. It reduces the like hood, help prevent violence through awareness rising about the right and duties of voters and once voters are educated violence will not occur.  In a given context once a through education Jingle has been carried out.
	However, for people to be assisted to premise their choice of rationality and vote wisely during election, they must have all information that is needed to elect the right candidate who ensures good governance. Also for them to be conscious of themselves whenever they want to vote in the upcoming election. Where such public awareness is lacking those in radio must accept a share of the blame of failure to pass information.
	Role of radio Jingle is believed to have been significant enough to impact on the level of violence both (positively and negatively) and to promote Jingle assist INEC in informing People a breast of current event, passing information as fast as possible for voters in order to help prevent election violence and also to ensure that candidate receive fair coverage.
1.2 	STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
	The problem of this study is to examine and asses the role of radio Jingle against violence during election in of recent, these radio station have been concern about the control of violence during election in all ramification.
	Despite the various media house that are spearheading political activism and Jingle for changes in political issues, laws, technologies and development strategies to control violence during election. It is in this study that we shall asses the role of radio Jingle against election. And how effective is radio Jingle strategy towards the control of violence during election, also how radio Jingle against violence ideas been useful to all voters and opposition parties.
	Radio Jingle against violence during election has been considered from different angles as the way of improving electorate education and how to control violence. Radio Jingle is a vital tool to inform and educate the voters, political parties, inec the rate at which violence should be controlled.  
1.3 	OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i.	To find out how radio educate the people on how to exercise their democratic right border to avoid violence.
ii.	To identify if radio provide platform for the political parties and candidate to communicate their concerns, opinion and need to the party.
iii.	To examine how effective radio messages are towards Jingle against violence during elections.
iv.	To identify patterns of electoral violence that characterizes election.
1.4 	RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i.	In what ways do radios educate the people on how to exercise their democratic right in order to avoid violence?
ii.	To what extent does radio provide platform for the political parties and candidate to communicate their concerns, opinion and need to the party?
iii.	How effective is media messages toward Jingle against violence during 2015 election in Kwara state.
iv.	What are the patterns of electoral violence that characterized election as identified in the media Jingle?
1.5	 SIGNIFICANCES OF STUDY.
VOTES: the significant of this study aims at reveling to the voters the rate at which violence should be reduced during the election. 
RADIO: the significance of this study aims at revealing to the radio fractioned (house) on the benefit of violence during election Jingle. It will assist the radio practioners to know their role in keeping kwarans informed during the election. 
RESEARCHER: it will further enable other researchers to continue from the aspect which this study has not covered 
POLITICAL PARTIES: reducing election violence and to enlighten the political party
1.6	SCOPE OF STUDY 
The primary objective of the project is to examine the role of radio Jingle against violence during election. This topic itself has been limited to the use all Kwara state and where radio should focused on during general election.  
1.7	 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ROLE: According to (business dictionary) role is defined as a prescribed or expected behaviour associated with a particular position or status in a group or organization 
RADIO: (According to Williams in 1975) he define radio as the technology they allows for the transmission of sound or other signals by modulation of electronic magnetic wave. This seems to have been a technology looking for a use rather than a response to demand for news and of service or content.
VIOLENCE: (Free Dictionary by Farlex) defines violence as a behaviour or treatment in which physical force is exerted for the purpose of causing damage or injury.
JINGLE: (Collins English dictionary) define Jingle as a series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and demonstrating designed to achieve a social, political or commercial goals .
ELECTION: (American heritage dictionary by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) define election as the selection by vote of a person or persons from among candidates for a position especially a political office.

CHAPTER TWO 
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 	THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
		The study of mass communication has led to the explanation and predictions of some theories of mass communication which are related to our topic “Role of radio Jingle against violence during election. The theories are as follows.
1.	Cultivation theory
2.	Agenda setting theory
3.	Normative theory 
2.1.1	CULTIVATION THEORY: 
The theory which was created by Gorge Gerbner stated that media exposure especially television helps shapes our social reality by giving us a view on the amount of violence and risk in our recent world. The theory also stated that viewers or listeners could identify and imagine with certain values, identities that are presented as mainstream on television or radio even though they do not actually share those values or identifies in their real life.
Cultivation theory also says, that regular television viewing cultivates or grows human certain ways of thinking about the world and the changes in it, the theory are best known for their study of television and viewers and in particular for a focus in the topic of violence. However, some studies have also considered other mass media from this perspective and have deal with topic such as ethnic groups and political attitude.
CORE ASSUMPTION OF THE THEORY
	Cultivation theory implies that the media should expose or make ideas or feelings known, and make people aware. Therefore one of the role of radio is to serve as a tool for public enlightment on election and ways to prevent violence and also to reshape our social reality by giving us information and educating us with a programme base on ways to prevent violence in the upcoming election.
2.12 AGENDA SETTING THEORY 
These type of theory is where media concentrate on a few issues or subject, whereby the public will see those issues as more important than others. This type of theory may not be successful in telling us what to think about. According to Mc Quail (1994) describe agenda setting theory as public debate and that the agenda deriver from a combination of public opinion and political choice. The argues that the mass media news and information reflect the content and order of priority of issues. The basic idea is that there is a close relationship between the manners in which the news media present issues during a political Jingle and the order of important assigned to those issuer by those exposed to the news.
 	In this theory the media agenda affects the public and the public agenda affects the policy agenda.
CORE ASSUMPTION OF THEORY
	Agenda theory is the process whereby people accept what the media disseminated rather than hearing from other sources. Therefore the media especially radio is the most important tools for educating, informing the people on election and allowing the people to disclose their own opinion base on the issue concerning election, and more so keep the people abreast of situation and preventing of violence in the upcoming election.
2.1.3 		NORMATIVE THEORY
This type of theory seeks to locate media structure and performance within the social milier in which it operates. Normative theory helps to explain the ways in which societal communication rules impinge on mass media structure conventions and performance, and highlight the consequence of non-convergence between societal communication principles and mass communication principles. The Autorotation media theory is an inspective of the normative theory and it is the oldest of the press theories and dates back to the 16th Century. Kunczick (1998) states that it is derived from the state philosophy of absolutism, in which recognition of the truth was entrusted to only a small number and able to exercise “leadership” in a kind of top-down approach whether the ownership was private or public, authoritarian media existed to service the government in power, and were forbidden to concise the government or it’s functionaries. The degree of authoritarian with reference to press control tends to very inversely with the level of a country liberal democracy but directly with the level of primitive genius of the leadership to acquire and hold in the power (Folarin, 2002)
Another, aspect of the normative theory is the libertarian or free press theory which prescribes that an individual should be free to publish what he or she likes and to hold and express opinion freely to exercise of fundamental human right.
CORE ASSUMPTION OF THEORY
	Normative theory is the process whereby people are free to express their opinion concerning election and here the media is forbidden to criticize the government, put people have liberty to give their own opinion or views concerning the upcoming election.
2.2 	CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
THE CONCEPT OF RADIO.
	One of the most effective ways or means of getting message across to the largest audience in a vast and diverse country like Nigeria is through mass media which include television, radio, newspaper and magazine. These media could be use in different language to communicate any form of danger to people including the rural dwellers.
	Both the print and electronic media are important tool for effective election communication, but have not been sufficiently exploited for this purpose so far radio has the ability to disseminate message for and wider than any other mass media channels. Radio helps to create awareness to people concerning election and ways to prevent violence during election.
	In addition, radio brings sense of intimacy and personal involvement between the presenter and the audience/listeners. Also it’s primarily considered as a medium of entertainment which is believed by many to play vital role in modern politics.
	Weingart et al. (2000) contend that mass media representational practices have broadly affected translation between science and policy and Jingle, environment, technology and risk. Given its social embedding in peoples everyday lives, Bennet (2002, 10) sees the mass media influence as far reaching “few things are as much a part of our lives as the news, it has become a sort of instant historical record of the people, problem and hope of the society.
In Africa and most especially in rural areas, radio has been a principle medium through which climate change news is communicated (Luganda 2005).
Radio is often referred to as Africa’s medium due to its reach and social embedded in ordinary people’s lives and it’s the use of local languages in their simplest forms, it also reach different people without dissemination and the receivers or listeners require less intellectual exertion to understand the message. The radio has also been described as the most natural press for a largely non-literature audience in Africa.
FUNCTIONS OF RADIO PROGRAMME
	According to Uche (1989) state the following of radio programme. Radio is an effective vehicle used getting the attention of a large mixed guidance in almost any country of the world.
	Radio abides the two ancient traditional of theater and story tailing. It employees the language of sound effect and speech from various political parties that seek to express divergent views on controversial issues other than political views and presentation of religious thought in beliefs with the function
	More so, radio programme function include conceiving planning, scheduling an coordinating the technical and human resources available to them toward the achievement of policy objectives of the stations.
	According to Charles Wright (1959) radio ahs remarkably varied characteristics that ensure wide range such as portability that is the possibility of appearing in a transition form that can be easily be carried so that programmes can be listened to anytime, anywhere and everywhere needed.
	Finally, radio has fidelity of reproducing event as recorded programmes while retaining their original forms for a long time, also the actual sound if the news makes radio one of the most credible news sources.
ROLES OF RADIO ON JINGLE AGAINST ELECVTION VIOLENCE
	The media act as watch dog on the role of radio Jingle against election violence, the media expose priors of commission or omission by these in power in their pursuit to cling to power at all cost.
	It is undoubted that the radio plays a very crucial role in the life of all human societies. Radio provide the conduct necessary for all kinds of communication that helps societies exist and function contemporary thinking, it such that to live in harmony, societies and communities that is beneficial to its constituent.
	In modern democratic societies which entails representative government, the radio play the very essential role of ensuring that information is vital to the existence, survival and development of constituent of such societies is availed to them in a timely, equitable, fair and balanced manner.
	Thus at election when constituent must elect their representative, it becomes doubtly imperative that the radio afford them all, information necessary for them to make informed choices about whom to elect and when not to elect into position of authority. The radio serves as a watch dog, on voter’s education peace building and conflict resolution.
ASSESSMENT OF MEDIA EFFECTS
	The impact of many objectives, in the effect of mass media on audience seemed obvious, granting that the effect of mass communication may have been too powerful to judge, particular in the ability to persuade. Communication is cumulative facility, consequently, there is communication here and there symbolically, verbally and non-verbally. Many scholars see communication as inevitable in the development of any society. In doing this many studies have been done in these potentialities of communication.
	Joseph T. Wrapper (1960: 93) defines effect of mass communication as changes in attitude and behavioral of individuals as result of exposure to persuasive message carried by the mass media. He embark that mass media ordinary do not serve as a necessary and sufficient cause of audience effects but rather functions among, and through news of meditating factors of influence. These meditating factors are such that they typically render mass media as contributing agents, as process of reinforcing the existing conditions.
	Charles Okigbo communication researchers in the 1980’s generally agreed that mass media have effects and are used by many people in way of importance, their researcher on the 1990 debate between presidential candidate John E. Kennedy and Richard M.
	Evelyn Onyekere (1990: 51) strongly believes that emphatic problems can occur especially when the educational and social gaps between the change agents and rural dwellers are so wide. She believes that the altitudinal and behavioral changes in life of the rural dwellers required a social and special kind of communication which takes into consideration many of the decision or rejection of the new idea and techniques.
MEDIA AND ELECTION VIOLENCE
	The media can be a fool for eradicating violence and conflict. if properly managed. The use of radio during the Rwandan Genoride in 1994 in mobilizing the population to participate in violence was a striking example of the power of radio to serve destructive political interest by manipulating hearts and minds. Fortunately, those events also sparked a reflection by many international & local actors to realize how to harness the power of radio toward more positive aims notably the promotion of paper and reconciliation.
MEDIA AND VOTERS EDUCATION
	Media can educate citizen through stories that adequately explain the national situation in political issues, social and economic so that the citizen will not only benefit from improved service delivery but will also take part in the development process of the nations and also to explain its simple terms specific legal and administrator issues which can be seen to be fundamental for any  election undertaken to be free & fair.
	The media must strive to put citizen views to political candidates and report their responses back to the citizen so that they can know the government and to understand their problem.
	More so, the media can expose scheme to disadvantage the outside and can also alert citizen on electoral malpractices so that anything relating to election violence could be retified. They are to inform and educate the whole of citizen on election for them to participate in election peacefully, so they could be save from any violence act and also to educate the voters not to engage in any ugly scene during election for the success of the election.
MEDIA AND THEIR CHALLENGES
	Mass media has opened up boarders and result in the world becoming more interlinked. It is a process and not a fixed state. As such the mass media is constantly faced with the many challenges that globalization brings about mass media is a term used to demotes a section of the media.
	Specifically envisioned designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. Mass media are media such as the television, Radio, Newspaper, Films, internet e.t.c. different form of media faces different type of challenges. Globalization brings about increase the technology, diversification of culture and rise of citizen journalism which all poses challenges to the mass media.
	As technology evolves, so allows the widespread use of devices. Devices such as camera phones could be used to take pictures anytime, anywhere and blogs as a platform for citizens to post their whims and fancies result in the rise of citizen journalism. Citizen journalism, also known as public or participating journalism, is the act of collecting reporting analyzing and disseminating news and information. The rise of citizen journalism poses a threat to existing media such news reporting as there are now more sources of information that citizen can select from to get more information. It is good for citizens in the sense that news reporting now has to be more credible and transparent in order not to lose their audience to the new media.
	Lastly, the mass media face the challenges in being able to become the need to inform with the need to censor. This need increase in importance in the post all ere as information is crucial to pre-empt potential attack yet to much information might spark discontent is the wrong direction.

MEDIA CHALLENGES DURING ELECTION JINGLE
	Media house always go extra length to see to every political aspect and this as always come with a lot of challenges. During elation Jingle  mostly some political parties could come to see their election Jingle and some times the content of what they are about to give out it’s not legal and by all means they would want the message to pass across to the entire audience.
	In most cases government owned media house where as, here is what the ruling government wants and they have no choice but to do as they want. Media houses sometimes face critism from the people who do not want particular information to get across to the listeners or viewers during election Jingle during election Jingle journalist set out to gather information from their various beat to their various media houses and at times political parties may say a word of assault to them and which can make them feel depressed, but they had no choice than to face the challenges harder to get what they want and to achieve their aim. Since is their job and harder to pass information to the public on how maintain peacefully environment and for the conduct of free and fair election in order to save life’s. 
 MEDIA AND THEIR CHALLENGES 
	Mass media has opened up boarders and result in the word becoming more interlinked it is a process and not a fixed state. As such the mass media is constantly faced with the many challenges that globalization brings about. Mass media is a term used to donate a section of the media.
Specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. Mass media are media such as the television, radio, newspaper, films, and internet e.t.c Different forms of media face different type of challenges. Globalization brings about increase the technology, diversification of culture and rise of citizen journalism which all poses challenge s to the mass media.
	As technology endues so does the wider spread used of devices device such as camera phones should be used to take pictures anytime, anywhere and blogs as a platform for citizen journalism, also known as public or participating journalism, is the act of citizen playing active roles in the process of collecting reporting  analyzing and disseminating  news and information. The rise of citizen journalism poses a threat to existing media such news reporting as there are now more sources of information. That citizen can select from to get more information. It is good for citizens in the sense that news reporting now have to be more credible and transparent in order not to lose their audience to the new media. 
Lastly, the mass face the challenges in being able to balance the need to inform with the understand the message. The radio has also been described as the most natural press for a largely non-literature audience in Africa.
Concept of election violence
	Throughout the world the problem of election violence has become very disturbing issue election violence has a cause a lot of ugly scene by which election has never been conducted peacefully it always claims lives and property of citizen.
	Our society has never had any peaceful election devoid of violence and other electoral vices, which is the reason behind the difficulty in coming to terms with free and fair election in our society. Since election violence has formed part of the society electoral culture, and considers violence the necessary weapons for political success. Onwudiwe and Berwind-Dart (2010) noted that it denies the opportunity to credibly elect their leaders.
	Electoral violence seems to be any random or organized act that seeks to delay, or otherwise influence and electoral process, through threat, verbal intimidation, hate or physical assault, it target could be voters, place, data or to influence the electoral process, perpetration of electoral violence may attempt to delay. 
	However we need to reshape our society through dignity and salvation as a people and as a nation because some Nigerians still go about the impression of creating a ugly scene during election and specific measure undertaken by inec both in past and present yielded know significant success.
	Election do not necessarily cause violence, but the process of competiting for political power often make something bad or worst the existing tensions and turn them into violence. Election related violence is special as the strategic intent and practical consequences of violence acts are designed into some ways to affect the process of election process (Sisk, 2008) there are often designed to disable and disrupt opposing forces, so as to win, to undermine the integrity and legitimacy of election all together or to influence voting behaviour through threat and intimidation.
	The objective of radio Jingle against election violence are to create and maintain the society in order to promote peace and safeguard the liver and property of the citizens, also to inform, educate both the political parties and voters on free and fair election.
2.3 	RESEARCH STUDY REVIEW
	Research work by Daramola (2001: 104) rightly observed the radio as a medium of mass- communication which bridges the gap between the government and people, it is undoubtedly clear that roles of radio Jingle during election can act as an important role for development because of it versatility in informing time of the day,. They must have all information that is needed to elect the right candidate who can ensure good governance in Kwara state.
	Election are the hallmark of representative democracy, allowing the people’s regular input in choices about leaders and policy, therefore the media play an active role in ensuring that such tensions and conflict are minimized or eliminated. And the media can do this by sentizing the electorate and the rest of the citizen on the proper conduct of election.
	Another research work by Ireland (2007:12) the former Director General of Nigeria Television Authority (N.T.A) state in this study that people must be assisted to premise their choice of rationality and vote wisely during elections. They must have all information that is needed to elect the right candidate who can ensure good governance in Nigeria.
	Research work by Ugbojah (1985) stated that in Nigeria most journal sly rely too much on information, the mass media reflect the population of the people. He also staed that Nigeria has over 250 different ethnic group. With a population of over 160 million people, Tribalism/ethnic rivalry is so sensitive in an issue in Nigeria as this also affect the media and what is reported and how it is reported. He also explains that all political parties are constantly engaged in intra party conflicts, instead of focusing on programmes that will benefit the masses, they engage in democratic conducts such candidate imposition, unclear manifesto what can be deduced from the study is that various reasons have been given as the root cause of violence across the state, nation among these are the multicultural personality of Nigeria, corruption, poor governance, unemployment, mismanagement of diversity and conflicts issues in the country. So the radio is to educate and inform both government and citizen on good conduct of election.
	Research work by Nwosu (1986:33-34) in his multi media models, conclusively remind us that in a developing country such as Nigeria mass information flow is largely indirect. He realize that the mass media influence individual mainly more at awareness, information or learning level; that at opinion share, attitude decision and actual behaviour and concludes “This effective publicity successful leads to execution of various government policies and programmes.
	Empirical and theoretical data in this study are with out doubt either directly or indirectly to the subject of the study. The attest to the claim that mass media, through an agent of powerful attitudinal and behavioral changes need to spread it tentades closer to the rural areas to ensure free society as well as qualitative receptivity of media message.
	According to another researcher Ekeanyanwu (2007) stated that media exists as an organ of information sourcing and dissemination, educational promotion, surveillance, social enlightenment and mobilization. These functions set the media apart as an important link in the relationship between the government and the gover4ned and make them a sine quanon to society growth and development.
	Umechukwu (2001-104) point to the fact that the mass media while surveying the environment functions essentially as agencies of social legitimation , as force which neaffirian those ultimate value standard and beliefs, which in turn, uphold the social and political status since media are the eyes and ears of the citizens their means of surveillance which tell them about political conditions, economic and socials conditions, journalist need to be more objective in news reporting and imbibe a crusading posture in order to influence opinion, it is through the gathering and dissemination of information that the people are assumed, that their political system is still relevant despite the predisposition to trial and error mechanism. This is very vital of the people must have peace of mind and able to premise their choice toward election Jingle. This is the hall mark of good journalist and all that the media are agent of political communication and propaganda. 

CHAPTER THREE
3.1	RESEARCH METHOD OR DESIGN
The research methodology covers gathering of information, facts and opinions of people to complete a research work, and survey method will be used. Survey method can be described as a means of gathering data and information on a particular phenomenon by obtaining respondent opinion and motivation from a source. The major source of data applied to this study is primary source which was basically in structure questionnaire.
3.2 	POPULATION OF THE STUDY
	Nwosu (2006:49) define population of the study
(a) The total number of element in the given environment which research is set to study the role of radio Jingle against violence during election in Kwara state. The research population for this study is 200 respondents and which four (4) local governments are of Kwara state were selected. Where violence may set to occur which are Ilorin west (Oja-Oba), Ilorin south, Ilorin east, and Oyun local government.
	The above stated local government will be use for the population of this project irrespective of their destination but with the ability to be able to read and comprehend to research work in view.
3.3	SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Four local government area of Kwara state were selected out of (16) local government areas in Kwara state probability sampling method.
	The sampling procedure used in this study is simple random sampling: this gave the local government equal chance of being selected, and this type of sampling guarantees all members of the population equal opportunity or change of being chosen to the extent that the choice of any members does not at all affect that of another.
3.4	INSTRUMENTATION
The main instrument to be used for this study is questionnaire. Questionnaire is an instrument used to collect or obtained information from respondent about their persecution, opinion on research topic usually survey studies.
The main reason we choose questionnaire is to obtain supplementary information and it is the fastest and one of the recordable ways of gathering information.
	The first section will contain information related to the listeners, while the second section will be based on the information and opinion of the population about the subject of matter which is role of radio Jingle against violence during election.
3.5 	VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT
	The copy of the questionnaire has been pre-tested in order to make adjustment where necessary in order to ensure reliability and validity of the study. The instrument used to valid because it enables the researcher to obtain quick and accurate information or data.
3.6 	METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
	The main instrument to be used for this research study is questionnaires were administered by hard to ensure immediate return in the post.
3.7	 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
	In analyzing data for this study, the analysis to be used is descriptive, whereby the use of variables, percentage and tables will be adopt included it is one of the most adopted means of data analysis employed by many researchers.

QUESTIONNAIRE
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin,
Department Mass Communication,
Kwara State Polytechnic,
P.M.B. 137
 Ilorin
Dear Respondent,
	We are student from the above named institution conducting research on ‘THE EFFECT OF RADIO JINGLES AGAINST VIOLENCE DURING GENERAL ELECTION’. This research is meant for educational purpose and not for publication, your sincerity will be really appreciated
Yours, faithfully

TICK ( ) WHERE IT IS NECESSARY
SECTION A
1.	Sex	Male	(  )	Female (  )
2.	Age group	16-20 (  )  21-25 (  ) 26-30  (  ) above ( )
3.	Level 		ND1 (  ) NDII (  ) HND1 (  ) HNDII (  )
4.	Religion 	Christian (  ) Islam (  )
SECTION B
5.	Have you ever watch or listen to any on effect of radio jingle?	 Yes ( ) No ( )
6.	Have the report on effect of radio jingle influence you? 	positive ( ) Negative ( ) None of the above ( )
7.	Do reportage about violence activities encourage some people to indulge in the act? Strongly agree ( ) Agree ( ) Disagree ( ) Strongly disagree ( )
8.	How effective is the radio against violence during general election? Very effective ( ) Effective ( ) Not effective ( ) Don’t know ( )
9.	Has the radio jingle against violence reduce or increase the general election? Yes ( ) No ( )
10.	Do you think the radio jingle is playing their role during general election? Yes ( ) No ( )
11.	How best do you think the radio jingle should help in the fight against? Often 
( )  Not often ( ) 
12.	Do you watch or listen to reports about effect of radio jingle regularly? Yes ( ) No ( )
13.	How can you rate the extent to which the effect of radio jingles against violence? High ( ) Low ( ) Average ( ) Below average ( )
14.	Does radio jingles have impact in voters performance of candidate? Yes ( ) No ( )
15.	In what ways does radio jingle broadcast necessitate grass root mobilization in general election? Agree ( ) Disagree ( ) Strongly disagree ( )
16.	Radio jingle is a tool for campaign in general election? Yes ( ) No ( )
17.	Is radio telephone system used during general election? Yes ( ) No ( )
18.	Do you think press freedom will improve during general election? Agree ( ) Disagree (  ) Strongly Disagree ( )
19.	Do you think radio jingle have a greater impact during election? Yes ( ) No ( )
20.	How effective can radio jingle reach during election? Effective ( ) Very effective ( ) Not effective ( ) Don’t know ( )

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1	DATA PRESENTATION
	The response rate of this study is 197 and the administrated questionnaire needed was properly answered. The results of this study are presented in table and percentages which will correctly provide clarity in understanding.
	For this study, 200 questionnaires were distributed to respondents, 197 questionnaires were returned while 3 were not returned. This distribution however, was spread over four local governments in Kwara State, Ilorin West, Ilorin East, Ilorin South and Oyun Local governments. Meanwhile, the type of questionnaire used is open ended questionnaire where answers as options were provided for the respondents.
	The research found out that candidate during election depend on radio for electoral education more than other media, therefore the presentation and analysis of data are as follows:
Q1	RESPONDENTS SOURCE OF INFORMATION
Media	Frequency	Percentage	
Radio	120	60	
Television	34	17	
Newspaper	13	7	
Magazine	5	3	
Internet	25	13	
Total	197	100	
	This table shows that 120 respondents depend on radio for information, 34 respondents depends on television, 13 respondents depend on newspaper, 5 respondents depends on magazine while 25 respondents depends on internet. This implies that most people depend on radio for information.
ITEM 2	RESPONDENTS ACCESS TO RADIO
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Yes	178	90	
No	19	10	
Total	197	100	
	The above table shows that, 178 respondents representing 90% have access to radio, while 19 respondents representing 10% opines that they do not have access to radio.
ITEM 3	RESPONDENTS OPINION ABOUT ROLE OF RADIO IN ORGANIZAING FORUM FOR DISCUSSION
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Yes	167	85	
No	30	15	
Total	197	100	
	This shows that the table above indicate that 167 respondents representing 85% agree that radio organizes an open forum for discussion with political aspirants, while 30 respondents representing 15% express that radio does not organize an open forum for discussion during election.
ITEM 4	RESPONDENTS OPINION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIO IN ENLIGHTEN THE PUBLIC ON ELECTORAL VIOLENCE
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Very effective	74	38	
Effective	60	30	
Not sure	17	9	
Not effective	16	8	
Not very effective	30	15	
Total	197	100	
	According to this table, 74 respondents representing 38% said radio is very effective in enlighten the public on electoral violence, 60 respondents representing 30% express that it is effective, 17 respondents representing 8% said it is not effective, while 30 respondents representing 15% opines that it is not very effective during election.
ITEM 5	RESPONDENT VIEW ABOUT EFFECTIVE OF RADIO IN CHANGING THE ATTITUDE OF PEOPLE ON ELECTORAL VIOLENCE
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Very effective	80	41	
Effective	80	40	
Not sure	20	10	
Not effective	10	5	
Not very effective	7	4	
Total	197	100	
	According to this table, 80 respondents representing 41% said radio is very effective in changing the attitude of people on electoral violence, 80 respondents representing 40% express that it is effective, 20 respondents representing 10% express that there are not sure, 20 respondents representing 10% said it is not effective, while 7 respondents representing 4% opines that it is not very effective during election period.
ITEM 6	RESPONDENTS OPINION ABOUT RADIO ENLIGHTENMENT TOWARD THE COMPLIANCE OF THE PEOPLE IN CREATING PEACEFUL ATMOSPHERE DURING ELECTIONEERING PERIOD
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Very effective	73	37	
Effective	79	40	
Not sure	22	11	
Not effective	11	6	
Not very effective	12	6	
Total	197	100	
	According to this table, 73 respondents representing 37% said radio is very effective on the enlightenment towards the compliance of the people in creating peaceful atmosphere and during electioneering period, 79 respondents 40% said it I effective, 22 respondents representing 11% express that they are not sure, 11 respondents representing 6% said it is not effective, while 12 respondents representing 6% said it is not very effective.
ITEM 7	OPINIONS OF RESPONDENTS ON EFFECTIVE OF RADIO IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE LAST GENERAL ELECTIONS HELD IN 2015
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Very effective	107	34	
Effective	60	30	
Not sure	24	12	
Not effective	3	2	
Not very effective	3	2	
Total	197	100	
	According to this table, 107 respondents representing 54% said radio Jingle is very effective to the contribution of last general  elections  held in 2015, 60 respondents representing 30% express that it is effective, 24 respondents representing 12% said they are not sure, 3 respondents representing 2% said it is not effective, while 3 respondents representing 2% opines that it is not very effective during election.
ITEM 8	RESPONDENTS VIEW ABOUT EDUCATION PROGRAMMES BEEN HEARD, BASE ON ELECTORAL EDUCATION
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly agreed 	40	20	
Agreed	111	56	
Not sure	39	20	
Disagreed	5	3	
Strongly Disagreed	2	1	
Total	197	100	
	The table shows that 40 respondents representing 20% strongly agreed they heard education programme based on electoral education, 111 respondents representing 56% agreed to the question, 39 respondents representing 20% are not sure, 5 respondents representing 3% Disagreed wile 2 respondents representing 1% Strongly Disagreed. This means the respondents are been educated based on election.
ITEM 9	RESPONDENTS OPINION ABOUT ROLE OF RADIO INFLUENCING AUDIENCE AGAINST ELECTORAL VIOLENCE
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly agreed 	48	24	
Agreed	104	53	
Not sure	26	13	
Disagreed	10	5	
Strongly Disagreed	9	5	
Total	197	100	
	According to the table, 47 respondents representing 24% strongly agreed that radio influence audience against electoral violence, 109 respondents representing 55% agreed, 25 respondents representing 13% are not sure, 10 respondents representing 5% Disagreed, while 6 respondents representing 3% strongly disagreed, these means radio influence audience against electoral violence.

ITEM 10	OPINIONS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT THE ROLE OF RADIO JINGLE ON ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN CONDUCTING FREE AND FAIR ELECTION
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly agreed	48	24	
Agreed	104	53	
Not sure	26	13	
Disagreed	10	5	
Strongly Disagreed	9	5	
Total	197	100	
	The table above shows that 48 respondents with 24% strongly agreed that radio Jingle on electoral violence play a vital role in conducting free and fair election, 104 respondents with 53% agreed, 26 respondents with 13% are not sure, 10 respondents with 5% strongly disagreed that radio Jingle play vital role in election.
ITEM 11	RESPONDENTS VIEW IN ROLE OF RADIO IN REDUCING ELECTORAL VIOLENEC BEFORE AND DURING ELECTION
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly agreed 	44	22	
Agreed	94	48	
Not sure	38	19	
Disagreed	10	5	
Strongly Disagreed	11	6	
Total	197	100	
	The table above shows that 44 respondents representing 22% strongly agreed that radio reduce electoral violence before and during election, 94 respondents representing 48% agreed, 38 respondents representing 19% are not sure, 10 respondents representing 5% disagreed and while 11 respondents representing 6% strongly disagreed.
ITEM 12	RESPONDENTS VIEW ABOUT RADIO MESSAGE INFLUENCING CHOICE OF CANDIDATE TO VOTE FOR IN AN ELECTION
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly agreed	42	21	
Agree	103	52	
Not sure	35	18	
Disagreed	10	5	
Strongly Disagreed	7	4	
Total	197	100	
	From the above table, 42 respondents representing 21% strongly agreed that radio message influence choice of candidate to vote for in an election, 103 respondents with 52% agreed, 35 respondents representing 18% are not sure of the question, 10 respondents representing 5% disagreed while 7 respondents representing 4% strongly disagreed that radio do not influence choice of candidate to vote for in an election.
ITEM 13	OPINIONS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT THE IMPACT OF RADIO ON SUCCESSFUL GENERAL ELECTION IN NIGERIA
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly agree d	48	24	
Agreed	104	53	
Not sure	26	13	
Disagreed	10	5	
Strongly Disagreed	9	5	
Total	197	100	
	The table indicates that 51 respondents representing 26% strongly agreed about the impact of radio on successful general election in Nigeria, 90 respondents representing 45% agreed, 35 respondents representing 18% are not sure, 13 respondents representing 7% disagreed while 8 respondents representing 4% strongly disagreed.
ITEM 14	RESPONDENTS AWARENESS ON PIVOTAL ROLE RADIO PLAYS TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL AND CREDIBLE GENERAL ELECTION IN 2015
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly Agreed 	31	15	
Agreed	111	56	
Not sure	43	22	
Disagreed	9	5	
Strongly Disagreed	3	2	
Total	197	100	
	According to the table above it shows that 31 respondents representing 15% Strongly Agreed, 111 respondents representing 56% Agreed on pivotal role radio plays towards successful and credible general election in 2015, 43 respondents representing 22% are not sure, 9 respondents representing 5% Disagreed, while 3 respondents representing 2% Strongly Disagreed.
ITEM 15	RESPONDENTS OPINION ABOUT PROPER MONITORING OF RADIO MESSAGES BY CONCERNED AUTHORITIES REGARDING ELECTIONEERING PROCESS
Response	Frequency	Percentage	
Strongly Agreed 	42	21	
Agreed	104	52	
Not sure	35	18	
Disagreed	13	7	
Strongly Disagreed	3	2	
Total	197	100	
	According to this table above, it shows that 42 respondents representing 21% Strongly Agreed, 104 respondents representing 52% Agreed, 35 respondents representing 18% are not sure, 13 respondents representing 7% Disagreed, while 3 respondents representing 2% Strongly Disagreed.
ITEM 16	ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS BY SEX
Gender	Frequency	Percentage	
Male	81	41	
Female	116	59	
Total	197	100	
	The above table shows that out of 197 respondents, 81 respondents which represent 41% were males, while 116 respondents representing 59% were females.
ITEM 17	ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE
Age 	Frequency	Percentage	
21-25	133	67	
26-30	45	23	
30 and above	19	10	
Total	197	100	
	Table shows that 133 respondents representing 67% are between the age of 21-25, while 45 respondents representing 23% are between 26-30 and 19 respondents representing 10% are between 36-45
ITEM 18	ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
Education level	Frequency	Percentage	
WAEC/NECO/NABTEB	37	19	
OND/NCE	104	53	
Bsc/HND	56	28	
Total	197	100	
	The above table shows that 37 respondents as 19% are O’level holders, 104 respondents representing 53% are OND/NCE, while 56 respondents representing 28% are Bsc/HND holders.
ITEM 19 ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS BY RELIGION
Religion	Frequency	Percentage	
Christianity	74	38	
Muslim	133	62	
Total	197	100	
	The table shows that 74 respondents representing 38% are Christians, while 123 respondents representing 62% are Muslims
ITEM 20	ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS BY MARITAL STATUS
Status 	Frequency	Percentage	
Married  	57	29	
Single	130	66	
Divorced	6	3	
Widow	4	2	
Total	197	100	
	The above table shows that 57 respondents representing 29% are married, 130 respondents representing 66% are single, 6 respondents representing 3% are Divorced, while 4 respondents representing 2% are Widowed.
4.2	DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
RQ1	What ways do radio educate people on how to exercise their democratic right in order to avoid violence.
	This findings reveals that radio educate the people on how to exercise their democratic right harder to avoid violence due to the fact that radio has the largest numbers in Mass-Communication.
Item 6	answered research question 1 with 40% of respondents said radio is effective in educating the people on how to exercise their democratic right in order to avoid violence and to penlight them in creating peaceful atmosphere and during the electioneering period.
	Also, item 9 answered research question with 55% of respondents agreed that, radio educate and which influence audience against electoral violence with this findings, it implies that radio is effective and educate the people on how to exercise their democratic right in order to avoid violence.
RQ 2	To what extent does radio provide platform for the political parties and candidates to communicate their concerns, opinions and need to the party.
Item 3 answered research question 2 with 85% respondents said radio organizes on open forum for discussion with political aspirants harder for the candidate to communicate their, concerns, opinions and need to the party, and also opines that the message of the open forum for discussion organizes by the radio as one of their role has influence on them as an electorate for 2015 election in Kwara State.
	RQ3	How effective is media messages towards Jingle against violence during 2015 election in Kwara State.
Item 7	answered research question 3 with 54% respondents media is very effective to the contribution of last general elections held in 2015 by which the message helps to avoid violence in elections held.
Item 14 answered this research question with 56% respondents agreed media is effective towards successful general election in Nigeria. The findings now shows that 56% respondents and 54% respondents are the majority of all which means they have upper hands that one of the role the media is to work towards choices of the candidate in order to avoid violence and as the impact of electoral success in the last 2015 election held.
RQ 4 what are the patterns of electoral violence that characterized election as identified in the media Jingle
	Item 5 answered research question 4 with 41% of respondents said radio has been able to change the attitude of people and to change their main motive against violence during election and for the election to be free and fair, while 40% of respondents also said radio is effective during electioneering period by identifying patterns of electoral violence that characterized election.
	Item 15 also answered the question with 104 respondents representing 52% agreed that there should be proper monitoring of radio messages by the concerned authorities regarding election process harder to identify electoral violence and to come with a way to tackle the situation.
	Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that radio perform pivotal role in election, whereby they educate the electorate on the election as it is known that radio appealed to both literate and illiterate members of the society, radio has the largest number of listener ship than other media that is the people at the grassroots also listened to radio frequently in order for them to be aware of whatever that is happening especially concerning election and in order for them to premise their choice and to know who to vote for during 2015 election.
	Role of radio Jingle against violence has been considered from different perspective as the way of improving electorate education and how to control violence. Radio Jingle is an effective tools during election which enlighten them the rate at which violence should be controlled. The objective of radio Jingle against electoral violence are to create and maintain a peaceful atmosphere in order to promote peace and safeguard the life and property of the citizens, also to inform, educate both the political parties and voters on free and fair election and to caution the mindset of those that wants to vote for ethnic, religion during election period on what is right and how to vote in order for them to vote wisely for the right man that has vision and good mission for the society and not a man with the same ethnic group or religion. The findings helps reveal that radio has an important role in Jingle against violence during general elections in Kwara State.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0	SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.1 	SUMMARY.
The media play vital roles in educating and enlightening the people and the governments, most especially electorate and political parties to protect and preserve life and property and to avoid violence in society for the benefit of present and future generations. Peaceful election and peaceful society is attained by protecting the society in an orderly manner. Country both rich and poor have an equal stake in this stewardship of the earth. And very survival of our planet depends upon it in the regard media plays a vital role and very effective in creating awareness and promoting a peaceful atmosphere in conducting free and fair election. Also for voters to exercise their democratic right during 2015 election to avoid violence.
Hence, the role and the responsibility of communication and mass media are immense in electoral Jingle. Broadcast media is used to disseminate all the needed information. The important of it is that it can be heard or listen to at your own peace and convenient time.
Most broadcast media programs focuses on the factors that leads to electoral violence as well as the negative effects of them on electorate at large. The problem that warrant electoral violence and which threaten the present existence as well as the future of humanity are brought to every bodies notice by broadcast media and some of the issues are really quiet alarming and need to be focus upon so that people can be made aware of the significant discussion and as well as the experts help in informing the people about different aspects of each issues and it’s intensity.
Media can educate, warn, inform and encourage electorate to take steps to protect themselves from mischievous act during electoral violence and media should expose or make ideas, feelings known and make people aware. And to serve as public enlightenment during election and way to prevent violence and to respect our social reality by giving us an information. This is being known according to cultivation theory. In addition to reaching communities that may beyond the reach of mass media awareness and Jingle appeal more directly to electorate and provide a more interactive and entertaining  educational mechanism. Indeed they may an important and everlasting on the mind of the people by focusing on the important issues that make people grow in minds.
However, during electoral violence it become difficult to concentrate and comprehend information concerning election. The best broadcast media conductive for electoral information are awareness, and organizing a discussion program as well as Jingle.
5.2 	CONCLUSION.
Election is very important in our society, because we  need who will represent the society and to elect who will represent the society and to elect who will govern the state in accordance and with a vision to put the society in good shape for Nigerian to be a better place for both poor and rich to live, therefore it is important to every citizen.
More so, the basic effort that lead to free and fair election and also a peaceful atmosphere include the taking of sensible action information during election and precaution base on effective information toward electoral violence of which the curriculum remain the surest way of instilling new skills, technology and attitude in individual is.
Electoral education through radio Jingle will no doubt in educating and reconditioning the norms of election. To say it all radio plays a vital role against violence during 2015 election.
5.3 	RECOMMENDATIONS.
	It is recommended that media houses should equipped their journalists with powerful equipment to cover scientific issue such a reporting of her where there maybe crisis during election, violence, ridging during election and political violence which may stair up misconduct election. Media outfits should organize special training for reporters on how to cover violence during election in order for their work to come in a better way and to cover a news base on election to show professionalism so that people can be better to informed and educated. Also media houses should have program where people should be educated and alerted on election violence and their challenges. And also improve media literacy skill among citizens around election and reforming media policy and regulation to focused on a public interest approach. For better and clearer understanding of what election is all about. Government should use radio often to create awareness about election Jingle. 
	More so disseminating effective programme on election package to be used should be motivating and stimulate the interest of listener and should be highly interactive, lastly radio programme should use distinctive concept to attract gain interest and retain the interest of station audience desire so as to make them portray the action of a good electorate. In maintaining a peaceful atmosphere in order for the election to be free and fair without any misconduct.

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