A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORKEXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) UNDERTAKEN 

AT
U.I.T.H Ilorin
OLD JEBA ROAD, OKE-OSE ILORIN KWARA STATE
BY

ND/23/CEC/FT/0044

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, 
ILORIN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

JANUARY, 2025.

CERTIFICATION
I, hereby certify that this SIWES report was carried out by MUHAMMED BELLO OLORIEGBE, with Matriculation Number ND/23/CEC/FT/0044 of Department of Civil Engineering of Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin Kwara State, after undergoing Siwes at U.I.T.H. ILORIN

DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to the Almighty Allah for His provision, protection, sustenance of life and wisdom. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank Allah for his love, protection and kindness over me during my 16 (Sixteen) weeks SIWES program. 
I will like to express my special gratitude and thanks to my SIWES coordinator for his fatherly advice. 
My special greeting goes to my wonderful Parent’s Mr. and Mrs. Oloriegbe for their care, prayers and financial support. 

ABSTRACT
This report is a summary of all activities and work experience I have been able to gather during my SIWES training programme at U.I.T.H ILORIN. Some of the skills and experience acquired at the construction company includes, the basic knowledge of how to construct road
In addition to the above knowledge, I learn how to successfully troubleshoot any problem encounter on site, and how to do setting out with different method. 

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE………………………………………………………………………………….	I 
CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………..	II 
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………..…………	III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………..	IV
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………..…………………	V
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………….………..	VI
CHAPTER ONE
1.1	INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..	1 
1.2	PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT…………………………………………………..	1
1.3	HISTORY OF SIWES……………………………………………………………	2 
1.4	AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES……………………………………….…….	2 
CHAPTER TWO 
2.1	BRIEF HISTORY OF U.I.T.H……………………………………………………..4 
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 	HOW TO READ A FLOOR PLAN …………………………………………….	5
3.2 	HOW TO READ A SITE PLAN……………………………………………….	5
3.3	EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION……………………………………………	5
3.4	EXCAVATION OF COLUMN BASES…………………………………………	6
3.5	BLINDING LAYER OF WEAK CONCRETE……………………..……………	6
3.6	CASTING A SHORT COLUMN………………………………………………..	7
3.7	SOLID FOOTING UNDER A BLOCK ON A WEAK CONCRETE…………..	7
3.8	DPC LEVELING FORMWORK………………………………………………..	9
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1	DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE LAYING……………………………………….	10
4.2 	SUPER STRUCTURE BLOCK LAYING ………………………………………	10
4.3	 FORM WORK OF COLUMN…………………………………………..............	11
4.4	 CASTING OF COLUMN AND INITIAL………………………….…………..	11
4.5	LAYING OF BLOKS……………………………………………………………	12
4.6	SLAB FORM WORK…………………………………………………………….	12
4.7	BEAM FORMWORK…………………………………………………………….	13
4.8	BEAM REINFORCEMENT………………………………………………………	13
4.9	MANSORY BLOCK LEVELING………………………………………………..	15
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 	CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION, SUMMARY…………………………	16
5.1 	CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..	16
5.2 	RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………….	16
5.3	SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………….	16
REFFERENCE…………………………………………………………………….	17

CHAPTER ONE
1.1	INTRODUCTION 

This chapter begins with explaining the purpose of the report; followed by the history of SIWES, their objectives and organization involved in the management of SIWES program. 
SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerians graduates of tertiary institutions. 
The scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth 
Transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institution the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which is usually not available in the educational institution. 
Participation in industrial training is a well-known educational strategy. Classroom studies are integrated with learning through hand-on work experience in a field related to the students’ academic major and career goal. Successful internship fosters an experimental learning process that not only promotes career preparation but provides opportunities for learners to develop skills necessary to become leaders in their chosen professions. 
One primary goal of SIWES is to help student integrate leadership development, into the experimental learning process. Students are expected to learn and develop basic non-profit leadership skills through a mentoring relationship with innovative nonprofit leaders. 

1.2	PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
This industrial attachment program fulfils parts of the requirement in pursuing a National Diploma in civil engineering in the Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin. This report sense to summarize the activities and experiences gained with U.I.T.H ILORIN

1.3	HISTORY OF SIWES 
The Government’s decree No 47 of 8th Oct. 1971 as amended in 1990, Highlighted the capacity building of human resources in industry, commerce and the government through training and retaining of workers in order to effectively provide the much needed high quality goods and services in dynamic economy as ours (jemerigbo. 2003). The decree led to the establishment of industrial training fund (ITF) in 19/03/1974. The growing concern amongst our industrialists that graduates from our institution of higher learning, lack adequate practical background studies preparation for employment in industries, led to the formation to the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) by ITF in 1993/1994 (Information and Guidance for SIWES, 2002). ITF has one of its key functions; to work as cooperation entity with industry and commerce where students in institution of higher learning can undertake mid-career work experience attachment in Industries which are compatible with student’s area of study (Okorie 2002, and Asikadi, 2003). 
The experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program designed to expose and prepare students of Agriculture, Engineering Technology, Environment Scheme, Medical Science and also Pure and Applied Science for the industrial work situation which are likely to meet after graduation. Duration of Siwes is four (3) months in polytechnics, four months in college of education at the end of NCE II and six months in the universities at the end of 300 or 400 or 500 level depending on the discipline. 
1.4	AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES 
The study of Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) aimed at giving the opportunity to have working experience and practical application of the theoretical concepts in the Polytechnic. It is also aimed at widening the mental and knowledge of the students. 
SOME OF THE OBJECTIVES OF SIWES ARE: 
To provide an avenue for students in Nigeria Universities and Polytechnic to acquire industrial skills and experience during their course of study. 
To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after 
graduation. 
3. To expose the students to working methods and techniques in handling 
equipment and machinery that may not be available in their polytechnics. 
4. To allow the transition phase from school to world of working environment 
easier and facilitate students contact for later job placement. 
5. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical

CHAPTER TWO
2.0	BRIEF HISTORY OF U.I.T.H ILORIN
The University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) was established in Nigeria in 2000, primarily to provide healthcare services, training, and research opportunities in the medical field. It serves as a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Ilorin, which has a long history of academic excellence.
UITH has grown to become a key healthcare provider in the region, offering a wide range of medical services and specialties. The hospital plays a crucial role in training medical students, residents, and healthcare professionals, contributing to the development of the healthcare system in Nigeria.
Over the years, UITH has focused on improving healthcare delivery through modernization, research, and community health initiatives, ensuring that it meets the evolving healthcare needs of the population. Its commitment to quality patient care and education continues to enhance its reputation in the medical community.

CHAPTER THREE
3.1	HOW TO READ A FLOOR PLAN
Start with the title block: The title block is usually on every sheet of a construction plan and contains important information about the project and the drawing sheet. 
Check the scale: The scale shows the relationship between the drawing and the actual size of the building. It's often found in the title block. 
Use the legend: The legend can help you understand the intricate details of the plan. 
Read the notes: Look for any notes that are added to the plan. 
Determine the orientation: A compass in the title block can show the orientation of the structure on the building site. 
Read the measurements: Lines or arrows next to walls indicate the wall's length in feet and inches. 
Underst and the views: A building plan may include basic views, elevations, and sections. 
3.2	HOW TO READ A SITE PLAN
Check the title block: This is usually located in the bottom or top right corner of the page and contains important information about the plan, such as the name of the designer, the drawing number, and signatures. 
Determine the orientation: The site plan should include a "north point" to indicate which way is north. 
Understand the scale: The site plan should be drawn to scale so that it accurately shows the relationship between existing and proposed structures. 
Identify easements: Easements are features of the property that are shared with someone else for a specific purpose, such as a pathway to a park or utility lines. 
Identify existing and proposed conditions: This includes fence lines, utility lines, power lines, and existing structures like trees and landscaped areas. 
Identify construction limits: This shows where construction will take place and where construction materials and equipment will be stored. 
Read any included notes: Once you've understood the orientation, scale, and symbols, you can start to make sense of the plan. 
A site plan: is a bird's eye view of a property that provides a lot of information, including the shape and size of the site, its geographical location, and any relevant features of the surrounding area.
3.3	EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION TRENCH
Excavating a foundation trench: is the process of removing soil or rock to create a trench or open face for a building's foundation. It's a multi-step process that involves site preparation, setting out, excavation, and safety precautions. 
Here are some things to consider when excavating a foundation trench:
Technique: The technique used depends on the trench's purpose, the ground conditions, and other factors. Some common techniques include: 
Full depth, full length: Used for long, narrow trenches, like sewers and pipelines 
Full depth, successive stages: Used for deep trenches, where work can progress in stages to reduce the risk of collapse 
Stage depth, successive stages: Used for very deep trenches in confined areas, deep foundations, and underpinning 
Safety: A competent person should inspect the trench daily before work begins and after any event that could affect its stability. They should be authorized to take immediate action to address any hazardous conditions. 
Depth: The footing should extend at least 12 inches below the frost line and into undisturbed soil. 
Underground services: Avoid underground services and nearby structures. 
Access: Provide safe access to get in and out of the trench.
3.4	EXCAVATION OF COLUMNS BASES 
Excavating for column bases: involves creating a trench, cavity, or open face to remove soil or rock. The process of excavation can include digging, dredging, trenching, and site development. The specific process used depends on the project and what needs to be built. 
Here are some tips for safely excavating for column bases: 
Avoid underground services: Dig away from nearby structures and underground services.
Check the excavation: Check the excavation daily and after any event that may affect its stability.
Provide safe access: Ensure there is safe access to get in and out of the excavation.
A column base: is the foundation for the columnar components of a steel building. It supports structural loads and transfers loads to the building foundation. A spread column footing is a type of isolated foundation that supports individual columns by spreading the load over a larger area of soil. 
3.5	BLINDING LAYER OF WEAK CONCRETE
Blinding is a layer of weak concrete or sand that's poured over hardcore to create a level, clean, and dry surface for construction. It's used for trench and column bases in a number of situations, including: 
Protecting the trench: When there's a delay in pouring structural concrete
Supporting reinforcement: To ensure the reinforcement is covered
Removing soft spots: When localized soft spots have been removed
Increasing foundation depth: To increase the depth of shallow footings
BLINDING CONCRETE HAS SEVERAL BENEFITS, INCLUDING
Surface preparation: Provides a smooth, level surface for building on
Protection: Protects the soil from erosion, moisture, and chemical damage
Load distribution: Helps distribute the load from the structure evenly across the foundation
Construction facilitation: Provides a surface for installing utilities and placing reinforcement
Blinding is usually about 50 mm (2 in) thick. The concrete used for blinding is weaker than structural concrete and can withstand lower loading. Steel mats can be used to reinforce the blinding layer in areas of high loading.
3.6	CASTING ASHORT COLUMNS
Casting a short column involves the following steps:
Determine the column's classification: A column is considered short if its slenderness ratio is less than 32, or its length-to-diameter ratio is less than 8. 
Calculate the column's effective height: For braced columns, the effective height should be less than 15 times the width, and for unbraced columns, it should be less than 10 times the width. 
Calculate the required steel reinforcement: Use equations or design charts to calculate the required steel reinforcement based on the column's moment capacities and ultimate axial load. 
Add links to prevent buckling: Add links to prevent the longitudinal steel bars from buckling. 
Construct the column formwork: Construct the column formwork to the required height. 
Place the reinforcement bars: Place the reinforcement bars according to the drawings. 
The main reinforcement in columns is longitudinal, which is parallel to the direction of load. The bars are arranged in a square, rectangular, or circular
3.7	SOLID FOOTING UNDER A BLOCK ON WEAK CONCRETE
To create a solid footing under a block on weak concrete, you can follow these steps:
Prepare the ground: Remove debris, stones, and plant material, and level and compact the soil. 
Add a sub base: For most domestic concrete footings, 100 mm of base aggregates is enough. 
Lay a damp proof membrane (DPM): Turn up the edges to create a tray, and overlap and tape any joints. 
Build formwork: Use well-supported timber planks to keep the concrete in place while it sets. 
Use strong concrete: Footings need to be made of very strong concrete, usually at least 3500 psi (pounds per square inch). The mix should be reinforced with horizontal and vertical rebars. 
Start the concrete block foundation: Place the blocks on a poured concrete footing in a full bed of mortar. Use a 1:1:5 ratio of cement-lime-sand for the mortar. 
Footings: are the solid concrete at the bottom of a building that spread out the weight to prevent the building from sinking into the ground. They're usually the first thing built when starting a new construction project. 
Concrete can become weak for a number of reasons, including:
Improper mixing: The ratio of water to cement is critical to the strength of concrete. Adding too much water can reduce the strength of concrete by up to 40%. 
Poor installation: Concrete that's not installed correctly can crack. 
Incomplete curing: Concrete needs to be cured properly to gain its full strength. If the curing process is interrupted, the concrete can dry out and shrink prematurely, leading to cracks. 
Exposure to moisture: Concrete that's exposed to too much moisture or left to dry out in harsh conditions can become weak and porous. 
Poor quality raw materials: Using the wrong raw materials or low quality raw materials can result in poor quality concrete. 
Alkali-silica reactions: Aggregates that contain alkali and silica can form a gel when exposed to humid conditions, which can crack the concrete. 
Overloading: Different types of concrete have different levels of strength, and overloading concrete can cause it to fail. 
Sulfate attack: Water with high levels of dissolved sulfates can cause concrete to soften due to expansion and crystallization. 
Signs of weak concrete include: 
•	Cracks that spread like a spider web
•	Scaling that peels away the surface
•	Discoloration
•	Pitting that allows water to seep in
•	Crumbling under pressure
•	Dusting, which is a loose powdery layer on the surface
To strengthen weak concrete, you can use a method called jacketing. Jacketing involves encasing the concrete with materials that are made to the specifications of the original concrete. 
3.8	DPC LEVELING FORMWORKS
What is DPC level in construction?
A damp-proof course is a barrier, usually formed by a membrane, built into the walls of a property, typically 150 mm above ground level, to prevent damp rising through the walls. Historically, damp-proof courses may have been formed using bitumen, slates, lead, pitch, asphalt or low absorption bricks.
what is formwork?
Formwork: is a temporary structure used to mold concrete into desired shapes for construction. 

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1	DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE LAYING
What is DPM membrane?
As the name suggests, DPM is a membrane-like material designed to protect structures from potential damp. Damp proof membrane is usually made of plastic material, such as polyethylene. Plastic is notoriously long-lasting and resistant to moisture, helping to protect other elements such as brickwork.
 CASTING OF DPC
A damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier that prevents moisture from rising up through walls from the ground. It's usually made of a durable, impermeable material like slate, felt paper, metal, plastic, or special engineered bricks. The DPC is bedded into the mortar between two courses of bricks or blocks. 
Here are some tips for casting a DPC: 
•	Lay the DPC on a wet, even bed of mortar.
•	Make sure the bed of mortar is free from projections that could puncture the DPC.
•	Bed the masonry above the DPC on wet mortar to ensure the DPC is "sandwiched" at ground level.
•	The DPC should generally be a minimum of 150 mm above finished ground or paving level.
•	DPCs are built into all masonry walls and are usually available as rolls of tape for easy installation. 
4.2	    SUPERSTRUCTURE BLOCKS LAYING
What is substructure blockwork?
Substructure blockwork is a fundamental element in ensuring the structural integrity of a building. Just as important as its foundations, substructure brickwork supports the load of the superstructure, creating a robust platform that can withstand physical and environmental pressures.
    placing of ground floor columns reinforcement: Here are some things to consider when placing column reinforcement for a ground floor:
Number of bars: Square or rectangular columns should have at least four vertical reinforcement bars, one at each corner. Larger columns may need additional bars between the corners. Circular columns typically have six bars, unless they are very slender. 
Bar thickness: The minimum thickness for rebar is 12 mm. 
Longitudinal reinforcement ratio: The minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio in a column should be at least 0.8%. 
Lapping: Longitudinal bars should be lapped in an alternating pattern with at least 48D overlapping. 
Construction process: The basic construction process for an RCC column involves these steps:
Lay out the column locations: Place the reinforcement bars 
4.3	FORMWORKS OF COLUMNS
Column formwork is a temporary structure that supports concrete while it sets and gains strength. It's a necessary step in the construction process for rectangular pillars. Here are some steps for installing column formwork: 
Study the plan: Review the work plan for the size and shape of the element
Mark the wireframe: Mark a pre-prepared wireframe
Assemble the formwork: Follow the instructions to assemble the formwork
Fill with concrete: Pour concrete into the mold
HERE ARE SOME COMPONENTS OF COLUMN FORMWORK
Panels: Large, flat surfaces that enclose the column area
Shear walls or ties: Steel rods or struts that secure the panels against lateral pressure
Waler or strongback: A horizontal member that distributes load and provides support
Kickers: Inclined braces that maintain the vertical alignment of the formwork
Form ties: Steel ties that hold the formwork panels together
Formwork accessories: Wedges, clamps, bolts, and nuts for assembly and adjustments
To prevent the formwork from deforming, a wooden, steel-wood, or steel column hoop can be arranged on the outside of the panel. The spacing of the hoops depends on the thickness of the panel and the size of the concrete side pressure. 
4.4	CASTING OF COLUMNS AND INITIAL
Casting a column involves several steps, including:
Column layout: Determine the location of the column using a grid on a drawing 
Column reinforcement: Place reinforcement as instructed in the structural drawing 
Column formwork: Construct a formwork to the required height 
Pouring concrete: Pour concrete into the column 
Column starter construction: Cast the first 50–100 mm of the column to ensure proper alignment 

HERE ARE SOME TIPS FOR CASTING COLUMNS
Column starter: Make shutters to the size of the column and fix them at the bottom of the column. Check the shuttering and reinforcements for verticality. 
Concrete pouring height: IS-456-2000 recommends pouring concrete from a height of less than 1.5 m. Concrete segregates if placed from a greater height. 
Casting columns separately: For columns that are relatively large, it's best to cast them separately from other elements. 
Materials:Some materials and equipment used in casting columns include formwork, steel, tie wire, saddles, release agent, brush, nylon, and adherent chemical. 
Columns are important elements in a structure because they support compressive and bending forces. They transmit the loads of the structure to the foundation.
4.5	LAYING OF BLOCKS
to lay concrete blocks level, you can:
Prepare the base: Ensure the base is level and solid. You can use block leveling pads or polyethylene sheets under each block. 
Center the corner block: Place the corner block in the footing and make sure it's level and even. You can use a string to check that it's level and in a straight line. 
Spread mortar: Spread mortar and lay the blocks in rows, starting with the corner blocks. 
Check for alignment: Check that the blocks are aligned as you lay them. 
Adjust height: If a block is too low, you can nudge some sand or gravel underneath it. Avoid stepping on the base to prevent it from shifting. 
A common mortar mix ratio for concrete block walls is 1 part cement to 3 parts sand. 
4.6	SLAB FORMWORKS
Slab formwork is a construction aid used to shape and support concrete slabs until they harden. It's a crucial part of most concrete construction projects and is essential for ensuring the quality and strength of the concrete structure. 
When choosing slab formwork, you can consider things like:
Size and shape: The formwork should be able to accommodate the specific dimensions and shape of the slab 
Material: Formwork is typically made from wood, steel, or aluminum 
Flexibility: The formwork should be able to adapt to different construction needs and budgets 
Ease of use: An efficient formwork system should be easy to remove and reusable 
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF SLAB FORMWORK
Traditional timber formwork: A classic option for slab formwork 
Modular systems: A modern option that can be flexible and safe 
Panelized systems: A combination of safety and efficiency that can streamline the construction process 
Wood beam slab formwork: A versatile system that can be adapted to most slab types and heights 
Once the concrete has cured, the formwork is removed from the site. 
4.7	BEAM FORMWORKS
What is a beam formwork?
Beam formwork is specifically designed to support and shape concrete beams during the construction process. It consists of a combination of vertical and horizontal supports, often made of timber, steel, or aluminum, depending on the requirements of the project.
How do you erect formwork for a beam?
The method comprises the following steps of: constructing a beam formwork bracket, arranging a beam bottom edge and a beam bottom template on the beam formwork bracket, and splicing beam side templates at two sides of the beam bottom template, wherein the beam bottom template is transited from high to low between a mid ...
     SLAB REINFORCEMENT
Slab reinforcement, also known as rebar reinforcement, is the process of adding rebar or reinforcement mesh to concrete slabs to provide tensile strength and limit cracking: 
Why it's used
Concrete has high compressive strength, but low tensile strength, making it susceptible to cracking from tension forces caused by heavy loads, drying shrinkage, and thermal expansion and contraction. Reinforcement helps limit the width and severity of cracks. 
How it's done
Reinforcement is placed across the entire slab area at the correct depth and tied together with reinforcement ties. Supports and spacers are used to ensure the reinforcement is properly positioned. 
Factors to consider
The amount of reinforcement needed depends on the slab's thickness, span, and material strength. Other factors include the slab's support conditions, whether it's one-way or two-way, and the orientation of any T-beams. 
Uses
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in many construction projects, including floors and ceilings in commercial buildings, ground floors in domestic buildings, roadways, and car parks. 
4.8	BEAM REINFORCEMENT
Beam reinforcement is the process of adding steel rods, also known as reinforcing bars, to concrete beams to help them resist internal tension forces. The pattern of steel reinforcement in a beam corresponds to the pattern of positive and negative bending moments within the beam. 
Here are some tips for placing rebar in a beam: 
•	Start by placing the corner bars at the lower part of the beam.
•	Next, place the internal bars.
•	Add one or two bars, depending on the need.
•	Repeat the process at the upper part of the beam.
Beams are horizontal or sloping members that distribute the load they are carrying across two or more supports. They are used to transfer loads to the supports, which prevents the structure from collapsing under its own weight or external forces. Beams can carry vertical gravitational forces, as well as horizontal loads from earthquakes or wind
          CASTING OF FLOOR SLAB
What is the process of casting a floor slab?
Concrete floor slab formation method involves the construction of formwork, placing and reinforcement of the floor. The first step is to bring together and put up formwork, the second step is to put in order and place reinforcement, the third step is to pour, compact, and finish concrete.
       CURING OF FLOOR SLAB
The curing of a concrete floor slab is a process that strengthens and protects the concrete, making it more durable, watertight, and resistant to wear and tear. Here are some tips for curing a concrete floor slab: 
Water spraying: Spray the concrete with water 5–10 times a day for the first week. This is an efficient method for curing floor slabs. 
Avoid sun, rain, and wind: Keep the concrete away from the sun, rain, and dry winds. If the weather is hot and dry, cover the concrete with a tarp while it dries. 
Wait before using the concrete: Wait 24 hours before allowing foot traffic, 10 days before driving light vehicles, and 28 days before driving heavy vehicles. 
Use clean water: Use clean water that's free of oil, acids, alkalis, and vegetable matter. The water should have a pH between 6 and 8.5 and shouldn't contain dissolved chlorides or sulfates. 
Use curing compounds: Apply a curing compound to the concrete to form a membrane that prevents moisture from escaping. 
Use curing blankets:Place curing blankets over the concrete to trap heat and moisture and promote faster strength development.
Use steam curing: Steam curing is an accelerated method that raises the temperature of the concrete to speed up the hardening process. 
Use ponding: Board up the edges of the concrete slab and flood it with a few inches of water.This is an effective method but can be time-consuming.
 FLOOR COLUMNS
Floor columns are vertical structural elements that support the weight of a building's floors and roofs: 
Function: Columns transfer the weight of a building's floors and roofs to the foundations and soil below. 
Size: The columns on the bottom floor must be large enough to support the weight of all the floors above. 
Placement: For the most efficient support, columns should be placed uniformly on all floors. 
Design: Structural engineers must consider the weight supported by the column, as well as the impact of lateral forces from earthquakes and wind. 
Materials: Reinforced concrete columns are made of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. 
Columns: are used in construction for a variety of purposes, including: trusses, building frames, and bridge structure support. 
LINTAL DOORS AND WINDOWS FORMWORKS
Door and window formwork is used to create the openings in walls for doors and windows. Formwork can be made from a variety of materials, including plywood, timber, and aluminum, and can be reusable. Here are some types of door and window formwork: 
Titan formwork: Made from lightweight aluminum components, this formwork is easy to set up and adjust to the size of the opening. It can be reused and is suitable for openings with recurring dimensions. 
Box-out formwork: This reusable formwork can be used for doors, windows, and small recesses. It can be assembled quickly and easily with standard tools, and can be combined with any panel formwork system. 
MultiForm window and door recess: This formwork system can be used to create recesses in precast concrete elements. It can be dismantled inwards, making it reusable. 
PSV Pro System Vario: This modular system is suitable for complex or frequently changing shuttering tasks. It can be used for door and window recesses, and for transversal shuttering. 
4.9	MANSORY BLOCKS LEVELING
What is masonry block construction?
As we established earlier, masonry is the practice of construction using stone, brick and/or similiar materials. With that being understood, a masonry block is a classification of any kind of block that falls within the stone, brick category, this includes concrete blocks.
ROOF BEAM IN CONSTRUCTION
What is a roof beam in construction?
A roof beam is a load-bearing member that is integral to the strength of the building. It supports the floor or roof above while adding integrity to the walls. In addition, it also supports joists, trusses and other roofing elements.
ROOF BEAM FORMWORKS
Beam Formwork Installation Sequence and Technical Points:
•	Preparing the Construction Site.
•	Marking and Aligning the Beam Positions.
•	Assembling the Beam Formwork Panels.
•	Placing and Securing the Formwork Panels.
•	Installing the Shuttering and Reinforcements.
•	Pouring and Curing the Concrete.
•	Load-Bearing Capacity.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0	 	CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, SUMMARY

5.1	CONCLUSION
Sincerely, my four month siwes at Shabeeb Integrated Services Limited was of great benefit to me as a student because it has helped me understand the principle of civil engineering. It has broadened my knowledge, exposed me to the outside world and helped boost my confidence in relating with clients. It also helps to foster students' moral and social relationship with people outside their immediate environment.
5.2 		RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the experience I acquired and the training I received during the SIWES program, I thereby make the following recommendations:
FOR ITF

•	ITF should ensure the regular visitation of the ITF officers to Supervising Agencies Institutions, Employers and students on attachment.
•	The log-book issued to students at attachment by institutions must be checked and signed by the institutions‟ and ITF Supervisors responsible during supervision not in their offices at the end of attachment.
•		ITF should be providing insurance cover to students on attachment and improve on paying Students and supervisor’s allowances for motivation.
•		The SIWES coordinators, ITF agencies, and Area office should institute their machinery to quicken the vetting of students log-books.

Students on attachment must carefully record all training activities and other assignments in the log-book daily, complete ITF Form 8 and submit them to ensure proper assessment which is used in payment of their allowances.

5.3		SUMMARY
At the end of the program, I was able to put into practical all I was taught in school in the aspect of civil engineering
REFERENCES
Das, B. M. (2010). Principles of Foundation Engineering (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
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